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Scientific Reports Nov 2023The emergence of more virulent and epidemic strains of viruses, especially in the context of COVID-19, makes it more important than ever to improve methods of...
The emergence of more virulent and epidemic strains of viruses, especially in the context of COVID-19, makes it more important than ever to improve methods of decontamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of on-demand production of chlorine species to inactivate human coronaviruses. The commercial prototype disinfection unit was provided by Unipolar Water Technologies. The Unipolar device generates active chlorine species using an electrochemical reaction and dispenses the disinfectant vapour onto surfaces with an aspirator. The minimum effective concentration and exposure time of disinfectant were evaluated on human hepatoma (Huh7) cells using 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) assay and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), a surrogate for pathogenic human coronaviruses. We showed that chlorine species generated in the Unipolar device inactivate HCoV-229E on glass surfaces at ≥ 400 parts per million active chlorine concentration with a 5 min exposure time. Here, inactivation refers to the inability of the virus to infect the Huh7 cells. Importantly, no toxic effect was observed on Huh7 cells for any of the active chlorine concentrations and contact times tested.
Topics: Humans; Disinfection; Chlorine; Disinfectants; Viruses; Coronavirus 229E, Human
PubMed: 37973822
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47082-z -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Jun 1995The application and efficacy of cleaning and disinfection methods are reviewed, together with the relevant European and French legislation. European Commission Hygiene... (Review)
Review
The application and efficacy of cleaning and disinfection methods are reviewed, together with the relevant European and French legislation. European Commission Hygiene Directive 93/43/EEC of 14 June 1993 proposes the adoption of hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) for the meat industry, and this includes cleaning and disinfection. It is necessary to organise a team for washing, cleaning, rinsing, disinfection and final rinsing; three different types of organisation are compared. Application of HACCP and its contribution to the shelf life of products and their contamination with Listeria monocytogenes is discussed in the light of practical experience with poultry meat and cured pork products. Various means of verifying the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection (turbidimetry, adenosine triphosphate assay and macroscopic observation) are compared with the techniques of conventional microbiology. The authors conclude that cleaning and disinfection are essential for application of HACCP to the meat industry.
Topics: Animals; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Europe; Facility Design and Construction; Food-Processing Industry; Humans; Listeriosis; Meat; Poultry; Quality Control
PubMed: 7579634
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Applied Microbiology May 2022To evaluate the anti-noroviral efficacy of PURELL® surface sanitizer and disinfectant spray (PSS, an alcohol-based formulation) using human norovirus GII.4 Sydney...
AIM
To evaluate the anti-noroviral efficacy of PURELL® surface sanitizer and disinfectant spray (PSS, an alcohol-based formulation) using human norovirus GII.4 Sydney [hNoV, by RT-qPCR and human intestinal enteroid (HIE) infectivity assay] and its cultivable surrogate, Tulane virus (TuV, infectivity assay), compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions.
METHODS AND RESULTS
PSS efficacy was evaluated in suspension and on surfaces [stainless steel (SS)] using ASTM methods. Results were expressed as log reduction (LR) of genome equivalent copy number (GEC, for hNoV, assayed by RT-qPCR) and plaque forming units (PFU, for TuV, per infectivity assay). In suspension, PSS achieved a 2.9 ± 0.04 LR hNoV GEC irrespective of contact time (30 or 60 s) and soil load (2.5% or 5%). Under all treatment conditions, infectious TuV could not be recovered following exposure to PSS, corresponding to the assay limit of detection (3.1-5.2 log PFU). Infectious hNoV could not be detected in the HIE model after exposure to PSS. On SS and 2.5% soil, PSS produced a 3.1 ± 0.1 LR hNoV GEC, comparable to 500 ppm NaOCl for 60 s. With 5.0% soil, PSS produced a 2.5 ± 0.2 LR hNoV GEC, which was similar to 1000-5000 ppm NaOCl for 60 s.
CONCLUSIONS
PSS showed high anti-hNoV efficacy by RT-qPCR and in in vitro (TuV) and ex vivo (HIE) infectivity assays and performed similar to 1000-5000 ppm NaOCl for a 60-s contact time on SS with added soil.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY
hNoV remains a significant cause of morbidity globally, partly due to its resistance to numerous surface disinfectants. RT-qPCR results from this study indicate PSS efficacy against hNoV is comparable to NaOCl efficacy. Infectivity assays leveraging TuV and the HIE model for hNoV support and confirm loss of virus infectivity. Collectively, these results indicate the product's ability to inactivate hNoV quickly, which could be beneficial in settings having elevated risk for hNoV transmission.
Topics: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Ethanol; Humans; Norovirus; Sodium Hypochlorite; Soil; Stainless Steel
PubMed: 35137492
DOI: 10.1111/jam.15479 -
American Journal of Infection Control Jan 2021Infectious diseases can be transmitted via fomites (contaminated surfaces/objects); disinfection can interrupt this transmission route. However, disinfection guidelines... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Infectious diseases can be transmitted via fomites (contaminated surfaces/objects); disinfection can interrupt this transmission route. However, disinfection guidelines for low-resource outbreak settings are inconsistent and not evidence-based.
METHODS
A systematic review of surface disinfection efficacy studies was conducted to inform low-resource outbreak guideline development. Due to variation in experimental procedures, outcomes were synthesized in a narrative summary focusing on chlorine-based disinfection against 7 pathogens with potential to produce outbreaks in low-resource settings (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella spp., hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, norovirus, and Ebola virus).
RESULTS
Data were extracted from 89 laboratory studies and made available, including 20 studies on relevant pathogens used in combination with surrogate data to determine minimum target concentration × time ("CT") factors. Stainless steel (68%) and chlorine-based disinfectants (56%) were most commonly tested. No consistent trend was seen in the influence of chlorine concentration and exposure time on disinfection efficacy. Disinfectant application mode; soil load; and surface type were frequently identified as influential factors in included studies.
CONCLUSIONS
This review highlights that surface disinfection efficacy estimates are strongly influenced by each study's experimental conditions. We therefore recommend laboratory testing to be followed by field-based testing/monitoring to ensure effectiveness is achieved in situ.
Topics: Chlorine; Disease Outbreaks; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Norovirus
PubMed: 32442652
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.014 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Jun 2011The photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide are well known and have many applications including the removal of organic contaminants and production of self-cleaning... (Review)
Review
The photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide are well known and have many applications including the removal of organic contaminants and production of self-cleaning glass. There is an increasing interest in the application of the photocatalytic properties of TiO(2) for disinfection of surfaces, air and water. Reviews of the applications of photocatalysis in disinfection (Gamage and Zhang 2010; Chong et al., Wat Res 44(10):2997-3027, 2010) and of modelling of TiO(2) action have recently been published (Dalrymple et al. , Appl Catal B 98(1-2):27-38, 2010). In this review, we give an overview of the effects of photoactivated TiO(2) on microorganisms. The activity has been shown to be capable of killing a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, filamentous and unicellular fungi, algae, protozoa, mammalian viruses and bacteriophage. Resting stages, particularly bacterial endospores, fungal spores and protozoan cysts, are generally more resistant than the vegetative forms, possibly due to the increased cell wall thickness. The killing mechanism involves degradation of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane due to the production of reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. This initially leads to leakage of cellular contents then cell lysis and may be followed by complete mineralisation of the organism. Killing is most efficient when there is close contact between the organisms and the TiO(2) catalyst. The killing activity is enhanced by the presence of other antimicrobial agents such as Cu and Ag.
Topics: Amoebozoa; Bacteria; Cell Survival; Chlorophyta; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Fungi; Microbial Viability; Photochemical Processes; Titanium; Viruses
PubMed: 21523480
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3213-7 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Feb 2011To identify and quantify the presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, hepatitis A and norovirus in households and to assess the effect of...
AIMS
To identify and quantify the presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, hepatitis A and norovirus in households and to assess the effect of chlorine and quaternary ammonium-based disinfectants following a prescribed use.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Eleven sites distributed in kitchen, bathroom, pet and children's areas of two groups of 30 homes each: (i) a nonprescribed disinfectant user group and (ii) a disinfectant protocol user group. During the 6-week study, samples were collected once a week except for week one when sample collection occurred immediately before and after disinfectant application to evaluate the disinfectant protocol. The concentration and occurrence of bacteria were less in the households with prescribed use of disinfectants. The greatest reductions were for E. coli (99%) and Staph. aureus (99·9999%), respectively. Only two samples were positive for HAV, while norovirus was absent. Disinfection protocols resulted in a significant (P < 0·05) microbial reduction in all areas of the homes tested compared to homes not using a prescribed protocol.
CONCLUSIONS
The study suggests that disinfectant product application under specific protocol is necessary to achieve greater microbial reductions.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Prescribed protocols constitute an important tool to reduce the occurrence of potential disease-causing micro-organisms in households.
Topics: Chlorine; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Escherichia coli; Hepatitis A virus; Household Articles; Household Products; Mexico; Norovirus; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Salmonella; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 21143709
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04901.x -
Journal of Water and Health Dec 2014Water supplies and water distribution systems have been identified as potential targets for contamination by bacterial biothreat agents. Since the 2001 Bacillus... (Review)
Review
Water supplies and water distribution systems have been identified as potential targets for contamination by bacterial biothreat agents. Since the 2001 Bacillus anthracis bioterrorist attacks, additional efforts have been aimed at research to characterize biothreat organisms in regards to their susceptibility to disinfectants and technologies currently in use for potable water. Here, we present a review of research relevant to disinfection of bacteria with the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety, and their potential surrogates. The efficacy of chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ultraviolet light to inactivate each organism in suspension is described. The complexities of disinfection under varying water conditions and when the organisms are associated with biofilms in distribution systems are discussed.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Drinking Water; Water Purification
PubMed: 25473971
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.038 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2024This in vitro study evaluated the bacterial reduction provided by the EndoActivator (EA), Easy Clean (EC), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and XP-Endo Finisher....
This in vitro study evaluated the bacterial reduction provided by the EndoActivator (EA), Easy Clean (EC), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and XP-Endo Finisher. Eight-four mesial roots of mandibular first molars were instrumented, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, and divided into four groups (n. 20). Bacterial reduction in the main canals and dentinal tubules were respectively determined by MTT assays and Live/Dead BackLight technique through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at 50, 100, and 150 µm in-depth (n. 10 per group). Statistical analyses were conducted following a significance level of 95% (P < 0.05). A significant statistical difference was just identified between XPF and EC in the main canals. In the dentinal tubules from the main root canals, at 100 and 150 µm in-depths, significant statistical differences were only observed between XPF and EC (P = 0.027) for the former and between XPF and EC (P = 0.011) and XPF and PUI (P = 0.021) for the latter. In the dentinal tubules from the isthmus, at 100 µm in-depth, statistically relevant differences did occur between XPF and EC (P = 0.038) and EC and EA (P = 0.029). At 150 µm in-depth, these differences were only significant by comparing XPF and PUI (P = 0.025) and XPF and EC (P = 0.036). Although no irrigation method could thoroughly disinfect the RCS, bacterial reduction indexes were generally better after using XPF.
Topics: Root Canal Preparation; Disinfection; Dental Pulp Cavity; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Therapy; Bacteria; Sodium Hypochlorite
PubMed: 38361036
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53375-8 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Jun 2021The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in bats and human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets and contact with surfaces of infected aerosol are... (Review)
Review
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in bats and human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets and contact with surfaces of infected aerosol are the main ways of transmitting this virus. Until now, there is no effective pharmaceutical treatment; conclusively it is important to evaluate the types of applied disinfectants in different areas against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. The aim of this review was to summarize the information about environmental disinfection for preventing of COVID-19. We performed a review of the science direct database to find articles providing information on disinfection used for SARS-CoV-2. The extracted results were given the original data on inactivation coronaviruses by disinfectants in different places of health care facilities. The final search recognized that five groups of disinfectants include: chlorine containing disinfectants, alcohol, UV irradiation, Hydrogen peroxide, and other disinfectant were used against SARS-CoV-2 in different environments. Among these groups, bleach (chlorine containing disinfectants) has the most applicability. Also, in many studies by using disinfectants with 62-71% ethanol can reduce coronavirus in contaminated areas. Furthermore, after the using of operating room for COVID-19 patients, hydrogen peroxide and UV irradiation should be used for 24 h before it can be used again. The povidone-iodine or the chlorhexidine, could be recommended when there is a risk of SARS-CoV-2 contamination especially for open wounds. According to the different studies on SARS-CoV-2 disinfection, because of the SARS-CoV-2 can remain in the air and on surfaces, as well as observing individual disinfection guidelines in different hospital areas, disinfection of surfaces is necessary to decrease SARS-CoV-2 spreading. Moreover, the most suggested disinfectants have been limited to bleach and alcohol, it's better to be considered the potential of other disinfectants in different areas.
Topics: COVID-19; Delivery of Health Care; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32845869
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0075 -
Infection Control and Hospital... Mar 2022A single spray application of a continuously active disinfectant on portable equipment resulted in significant reductions in aerobic colony counts over 7 days and in...
A single spray application of a continuously active disinfectant on portable equipment resulted in significant reductions in aerobic colony counts over 7 days and in recovery of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci: 3 of 93 cultures (3%) versus 11 of 97 (11%) and 20 of 97 (21%) in quaternary ammonium disinfectant and untreated control groups, respectively.
Topics: Decontamination; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 34034834
DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.66