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Annali Di Igiene : Medicina Preventiva... 2019Recently, several advanced technologies have been considered to reduce the microbial load in hospital environments and control Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs)... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Recently, several advanced technologies have been considered to reduce the microbial load in hospital environments and control Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) incidence. New strategies for preventing HAIs have continuously evolved, including enforcement of hygiene procedures by novel liquid biocides or no-touch technologies, self-disinfecting surfaces coated by heavy metals or light-activated photosensitizers such as Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles.
STUDY DESIGN
Review publications concerning the use of photocatalytic systems in hospital setting, focusing on products based on TiO.
METHODS
Specific keywords combinations were analitically searched in PubMed and Scopus databases.
RESULTS
Starting 80s-90s, over 2000 papers report "in vitro" studies on antimicrobial activity of TiO2 photocatalysis on several microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts, and antibiotic resistant strains. Besides, at least 4 selected papers addressed the potentials of this approach by "in field" studies, showing a widespread pool of applications in hospital and healthcare settings. However, the low number of available experiences and their heterogeneity represent major limitations to achieve a comprehensive final overview on effectiveness and feasibility of these technologies.
CONCLUSIONS
Photocatalytic systems based on TiO2 represent a promising strategy for hospital hygiene and HAI prevention. Additional "in field" studies are desirable in a next future to further evaluate and exploit this novel and interesting health technology.
Topics: Cross Infection; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Equipment Contamination; Hospitals; Humans; Nanotechnology; Photosensitizing Agents; Titanium
PubMed: 31304526
DOI: 10.7416/ai.2019.2307 -
American Journal of Infection Control Jul 2022The purpose of this study was to evaluate the virucidal activity of a new olanexidine-containing formulation for hand hygiene (olanexidine gluconate hand rub; OLG-HR)...
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the virucidal activity of a new olanexidine-containing formulation for hand hygiene (olanexidine gluconate hand rub; OLG-HR) against non-enveloped viruses and to understand its mechanism of action.
METHODS
The virucidal activities of OLG-HR against two strains of caliciviruses and three adenovirus serotypes were evaluated through suspension tests. Also, virus-like particles were used to predict the effect of olanexidine gluconate on virus particle structure.
RESULTS
The results of suspension tests under conditions with and without interfering substances (1.5% BSA) indicated that OLG-HR had a broad-spectrum effect against non-enveloped viruses, and the virucidal effect was unaffected by organic contaminants. Furthermore, olanexidine inhibited the binding ability of virus-like particles to the binding receptor of human norovirus and increased the aggregation of virus-like particles in a dose-dependent manner. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the morphology of the virus-like particles was affected by exposure to olanexidine, indicating that the protein-denaturing effect of olanexidine gluconate caused the loss of receptor-binding capability of the viral capsid protein.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that olanexidine gluconate is a potential biological and environmental disinfectant against norovirus and adenovirus.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biguanides; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Glucuronates; Humans; Norovirus
PubMed: 34864086
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.11.020 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2023There has been an increase in Candida auris healthcare-associated infections, which result from cross-contamination from surfaces and equipment. In this study, we tested...
There has been an increase in Candida auris healthcare-associated infections, which result from cross-contamination from surfaces and equipment. In this study, we tested the efficacies of EPA-registered disinfectant towelettes products that are increasingly used for infection control against C. auris at a range of contact times following modifications to standard EPA protocol MB-33-00. Hydrogen peroxide (HP)-based disinfectant towelettes were more efficacious against C. auris than the quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC)-alcohol-based disinfectant towelettes irrespective of tested contact times. Thirty s contact time was significantly less effective in reducing C. auris compared to 1-, 2-, 3-, and 10-min contact times. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the level of disinfection among 1-min and longer contact times regardless of product chemistry. None of the products achieved a standard six-log reduction at any tested contact times. Overall, the HP-based disinfectant towelette was significantly more fungicidal than the QAC-alcohol-based disinfectant towelette. For all product types, 30 s contact time did not achieve the same level of disinfection as 1-min or longer contact times. Overall, disinfectant towelette efficacy is dependent upon product formulation and contact time.
Topics: Disinfectants; Candida auris; Disinfection; Infection Control; Hydrogen Peroxide; Ethanol; Ammonium Chloride
PubMed: 37037898
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32876-y -
Journal of Applied Microbiology May 2022To evaluate the anti-noroviral efficacy of PURELL® surface sanitizer and disinfectant spray (PSS, an alcohol-based formulation) using human norovirus GII.4 Sydney...
AIM
To evaluate the anti-noroviral efficacy of PURELL® surface sanitizer and disinfectant spray (PSS, an alcohol-based formulation) using human norovirus GII.4 Sydney [hNoV, by RT-qPCR and human intestinal enteroid (HIE) infectivity assay] and its cultivable surrogate, Tulane virus (TuV, infectivity assay), compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions.
METHODS AND RESULTS
PSS efficacy was evaluated in suspension and on surfaces [stainless steel (SS)] using ASTM methods. Results were expressed as log reduction (LR) of genome equivalent copy number (GEC, for hNoV, assayed by RT-qPCR) and plaque forming units (PFU, for TuV, per infectivity assay). In suspension, PSS achieved a 2.9 ± 0.04 LR hNoV GEC irrespective of contact time (30 or 60 s) and soil load (2.5% or 5%). Under all treatment conditions, infectious TuV could not be recovered following exposure to PSS, corresponding to the assay limit of detection (3.1-5.2 log PFU). Infectious hNoV could not be detected in the HIE model after exposure to PSS. On SS and 2.5% soil, PSS produced a 3.1 ± 0.1 LR hNoV GEC, comparable to 500 ppm NaOCl for 60 s. With 5.0% soil, PSS produced a 2.5 ± 0.2 LR hNoV GEC, which was similar to 1000-5000 ppm NaOCl for 60 s.
CONCLUSIONS
PSS showed high anti-hNoV efficacy by RT-qPCR and in in vitro (TuV) and ex vivo (HIE) infectivity assays and performed similar to 1000-5000 ppm NaOCl for a 60-s contact time on SS with added soil.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY
hNoV remains a significant cause of morbidity globally, partly due to its resistance to numerous surface disinfectants. RT-qPCR results from this study indicate PSS efficacy against hNoV is comparable to NaOCl efficacy. Infectivity assays leveraging TuV and the HIE model for hNoV support and confirm loss of virus infectivity. Collectively, these results indicate the product's ability to inactivate hNoV quickly, which could be beneficial in settings having elevated risk for hNoV transmission.
Topics: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Ethanol; Humans; Norovirus; Sodium Hypochlorite; Soil; Stainless Steel
PubMed: 35137492
DOI: 10.1111/jam.15479 -
American Journal of Infection Control Dec 2021A novel 4% hydrogen peroxide disinfectant was effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridioides difficile spores, carbapenem-resistant...
A novel 4% hydrogen peroxide disinfectant was effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridioides difficile spores, carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli, and 2 strains of Candida auris. In laboratory testing, a sodium hypochlorite disinfectant caused fading and loss of pliability of a hospital mattress, but the hydrogen peroxide disinfectant did not. These findings suggest that the hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectant may be a useful addition to the sporicidal disinfectant products available for use in healthcare settings.
Topics: Clostridioides difficile; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 34416312
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.08.008 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Sep 2016When properly used, disinfection and sterilization can ensure the safe use of invasive and noninvasive medical devices. The method of disinfection and sterilization... (Review)
Review
When properly used, disinfection and sterilization can ensure the safe use of invasive and noninvasive medical devices. The method of disinfection and sterilization depends on the intended use of the medical device: critical items (contact sterile tissue) must be sterilized before use; semicritical items (contact mucous membranes or nonintact skin) must be high-level disinfected; and noncritical items (contact intact skin) should receive low-level disinfection. Cleaning should always precede high-level disinfection and sterilization. Current disinfection and sterilization guidelines must be strictly followed.
Topics: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Endoscopes; Health Facilities; Humans; Sterilization
PubMed: 27515140
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.002 -
American Journal of Infection Control Jan 2021Infectious diseases can be transmitted via fomites (contaminated surfaces/objects); disinfection can interrupt this transmission route. However, disinfection guidelines... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Infectious diseases can be transmitted via fomites (contaminated surfaces/objects); disinfection can interrupt this transmission route. However, disinfection guidelines for low-resource outbreak settings are inconsistent and not evidence-based.
METHODS
A systematic review of surface disinfection efficacy studies was conducted to inform low-resource outbreak guideline development. Due to variation in experimental procedures, outcomes were synthesized in a narrative summary focusing on chlorine-based disinfection against 7 pathogens with potential to produce outbreaks in low-resource settings (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella spp., hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, norovirus, and Ebola virus).
RESULTS
Data were extracted from 89 laboratory studies and made available, including 20 studies on relevant pathogens used in combination with surrogate data to determine minimum target concentration × time ("CT") factors. Stainless steel (68%) and chlorine-based disinfectants (56%) were most commonly tested. No consistent trend was seen in the influence of chlorine concentration and exposure time on disinfection efficacy. Disinfectant application mode; soil load; and surface type were frequently identified as influential factors in included studies.
CONCLUSIONS
This review highlights that surface disinfection efficacy estimates are strongly influenced by each study's experimental conditions. We therefore recommend laboratory testing to be followed by field-based testing/monitoring to ensure effectiveness is achieved in situ.
Topics: Chlorine; Disease Outbreaks; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Norovirus
PubMed: 32442652
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.014 -
Food and Environmental Virology Jun 2022The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant consideration toward innovative strategies for overcoming the viral spread. Nanotechnology will change our lives... (Review)
Review
The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant consideration toward innovative strategies for overcoming the viral spread. Nanotechnology will change our lives in several forms as its uses span from electronics to pharmaceutical procedures. The use of nanoparticles provides a possibility to promote new antiviral treatments with a low possibility of increasing drug resistance compared to typical chemical-based antiviral treatments. Since the long-term usage of disinfectants and antiseptics at high concentrations has deleterious impacts on well-being and the environment, this review was intended to discuss the antiviral activity of disinfectants and antiseptics required for their activity against respiratory viruses especially SARS-CoV-2. It could improve the inhibition of viral penetration into cells, solvation of the lipid bilayer envelope, and ROS production, therefore enhancing the effect of disinfectants. However, significant concerns about nanomaterial's hazardous effects on individuals and the environment are increasing as nanotechnology flourishes. In this review, we first discuss the significant and essential types of nanomaterials, especially silver and copper, that could be used as antiviral agents and their viral entry mechanisms into host cells. Further, we consider the toxicity on health, and environmental concerns of nanoparticles. Eventually, we present our outlook on the fate of nanomaterials toward viral diseases.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Nanostructures; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35266117
DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09517-0 -
American Journal of Infection Control Mar 2022The recent COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for efficacious virucidal products to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Several studies have suggested that alcohol-based...
BACKGROUND
The recent COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for efficacious virucidal products to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Several studies have suggested that alcohol-based sanitizers and some disinfectants are effective. While virucidal activity data of low-level disinfectants are lacking and some conclusions are not clear yet.
METHODS
We evaluated the virucidal activity of 2 quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) disinfectants (MICRO-CHEM PLUS and FWD), W30 (an amphoteric surfactant), and Medical EtOH against SARS-CoV-2. Suspension tests covering different concentration and contact time were performed using the integrated cell culture-qPCR method.
RESULTS
Each of disinfectants was effective at inactivating SARS-CoV-2. MCP and FWD are highly effective within 15 seconds. W30 is also efficient within 2 minutes at concentration of 1%. Consistent with previous report, our results also demonstrated that 38% ethanol was sufficient to completely inactivate virus, which proved the method used in this study is feasible.
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
QAC disinfectants, MCP and FWD, are highly effective for the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, which making them practical for use in health care setting and laboratories where prompt disinfection is important. The low-level disinfectant based on amphoteric surfactant, W30, which may present in commonly available household hygiene agents is also able to inactivate SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: COVID-19; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34774899
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.10.035 -
Food and Environmental Virology Mar 2022To prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in cold-chain transportation in China, we developed specific cryogenic disinfectants. Carrier tests were performed against SARS-CoV-2...
To prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in cold-chain transportation in China, we developed specific cryogenic disinfectants. Carrier tests were performed against SARS-CoV-2 at - 20 °C for the four cryogenic disinfectants developed and qRT-PCR was used to test the virus RNA. Peracetic acid, chlorine disinfectants (two different concentrations), and quaternary ammonium disinfectant with their antifreeze can all inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in 5 min at - 20 °C. However, after 2-3 h of exposure, only chlorine disinfectant could destroy SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The viruses treated with peracetic acid and quaternary disinfectants showed positive Ct values even after 3 h detected with qRT-PCR. The conclusion was that the cold-chain disinfectants we tested could inactivate SARS-CoV-2 quickly and effectively, but only chlorine disinfectants could destroy nucleic acids in 3 h. Our study also illustrated that using qRT-PCR detection of viral nucleic acids to assess disinfection was inappropriate.
Topics: COVID-19; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; RNA, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Temperature
PubMed: 35084667
DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09509-0