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Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Nov 2019The relation of lifetime drinking trajectories to coronary heart disease is not well understood.
BACKGROUND
The relation of lifetime drinking trajectories to coronary heart disease is not well understood.
METHODS
Cases hospitalized for a nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and healthy population-based controls matched on age and sex completed a physical examination and an interview covering known AMI risk factors and a detailed lifetime drinking history. Distinct lifetime drinking trajectories based on ounces of ethanol consumed per decade between ages 10 and 59 years were derived and characterized according to lifetime drinking patterns associated with each. Sex-specific multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate AMI risk among participants who never drank regularly compared to lifetime drinking trajectories and risk associated with distinct trajectories among former and current drinkers.
RESULTS
Two lifetime drinking trajectories were derived, early peak and stable. Early peak trajectories were characterized by earlier onset of regular drinking, less frequent drinking, more drinks per drinking day, fewer total drinks, more frequent drunkenness per drinking year, and reduced alcohol intake or abstention by middle age. Never drinking regularly, reported by significantly more women than men, was associated with significantly higher AMI risk than stable lifetime drinking trajectories among men and in the sex-combined analysis of former drinkers only. Compared to stable lifetime drinking trajectories, early peak trajectories were associated with significantly higher AMI risk among male former drinkers, among sex-combined former drinkers, and among female current drinkers.
CONCLUSIONS
Epidemiological studies of alcohol and health in populations over age 35 may have underestimated the impact of heavy episodic drinking during adolescence and emerging adulthood on the cardiovascular system.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Case-Control Studies; Child; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; New York; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 31566766
DOI: 10.1111/acer.14190 -
The Lancet. Microbe Mar 2022
Topics: Pandemics
PubMed: 35261993
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00040-4 -
The Angle Orthodontist Apr 1976Latex elastics and synthetic elastomers have certain similarities and differences. In the fracture tests the latex elastics showed a greater amount of loss in strength... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Latex elastics and synthetic elastomers have certain similarities and differences. In the fracture tests the latex elastics showed a greater amount of loss in strength than plastic elastomers when stretched over a 21 day period. There is a great variability, as much as 50%, in the tensile strength of the plastic materials taken from the same batch and stretched under the same conditions. The Ormco Power Chain was more resilient than the Unitek AlastiK chain. The Unitek AlastiKs had more force and stretched less. The force decay of synthetic elastomers, stretched over a specific length and time, exhibited a great loss in force. This loss could be as great as 73% during the first day. The decay of force continued at a slower rate during the rest of the 21 day period. Unitek AlastiK C2 double links, when stretched 17 millimeters, had a higher initial force averaging 641 grams (22.5 ounces) than the Ormco Power Chain which averages 342 grams (12.0 ounces). In one day the force was reduced to 171 grams (6.0 ounces) for both materials. The elastic materials within the same batch showed a great variation in the modulus of elasticity under different test conditions. The approximate force generated when stretched dry, within the elastic limit, was 22 grams per millimeter for 3/16 inches heavy latex elastics. The Unitek AlastiK C2 gave a force of 89 grams per millimeter, while the Ormco Power Chain had a value of 46 grams per millimeter. The modulus of elasticity of all of the materials was much lower after immersion in the water bath. The force decay under constant force application to latex, elastic, polymer chains, and tied loops showed that the greatest amount of force decay occurred during the first three hours in the water bath. The forces remained relatively the same throughout the rest of the test period. The elastic materials undergo permanent deformation in shape. The synthetic elastomers exhibited plastic deformation when the elastomers were stretched 17 millimeters for 21 days. In the dry condition the force decay was 63% for the Unitek chains and 42% for the Ormco Power Chain. The synthetic elastomers should be prestretched before being placed in the mouth. The elastomers should be used within their resilient ranges. Clinical treatment procedures should take into consideration the rapid initial force decay of elastic materials that occurs during the first day and the residual forces remaining.
Topics: Elasticity; Orthodontic Appliances; Polyurethanes; Rubber; Silicone Elastomers; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 1064346
DOI: 10.1043/0003-3219(1976)046<0196:OEM>2.0.CO;2 -
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Jan 2008The incidence of obesity has been dramatically increasing across the globe. Anesthesiologists, are increasingly faced with the care for these patients. Obesity in the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The incidence of obesity has been dramatically increasing across the globe. Anesthesiologists, are increasingly faced with the care for these patients. Obesity in the pregnant woman is associated with a broad spectrum of problems, including dramatically increased risk for cesarean delivery, diabetes, hypertension and pre-eclampsia. A thorough understanding of the physiology, associated conditions and morbidity, available options for anesthesia and possible complications is therefore important for today's anesthesiologist.
METHODS
This is a personal review in which different aspects of obesity in the pregnant woman, that are relevant to the anesthesiologist, are discussed. An overview of maternal and fetal morbidity and physiologic changes associated with pregnancy and obesity is provided and different options for labor analgesia, the anesthetic management for cesarean delivery and potential post-partum complications are discussed in detail.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The anesthetic management of the morbidly obese parturient is associated with special hazards. The risk for difficult or failed intubation is exceedingly high. The early placement of an epidural or intrathecal catheter may overcome the need for general anesthesia, however, the high initial failure rate necessitates critical block assessment and catheter replacement when indicated.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Dyspnea; Female; Fetal Diseases; Hemodynamics; Humans; Obesity; Obesity, Morbid; Obstetric Labor Complications; Postoperative Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Puerperal Disorders; Respiratory Aspiration; Respiratory Mechanics; Risk
PubMed: 18173431
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01483.x -
JAMA Network Open May 2024Sweetened beverage taxes have been associated with reduced purchasing of taxed beverages. However, few studies have assessed the association between sweetened beverage...
IMPORTANCE
Sweetened beverage taxes have been associated with reduced purchasing of taxed beverages. However, few studies have assessed the association between sweetened beverage taxes and health outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between the Seattle sweetened beverage tax and change in body mass index (BMI) among children.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
In this longitudinal cohort study, anthropometric data were obtained from electronic medical records of 2 health care systems (Kaiser Permanente Washington [KP] and Seattle Children's Hospital Odessa Brown Children's Clinic [OBCC]). Children were included in the study if they were aged 2 to 18 years (between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2019); had at least 1 weight measurement every year between 2015 and 2019; lived in Seattle or in urban areas of 3 surrounding counties (King, Pierce, and Snohomish); had not moved between taxed (Seattle) and nontaxed areas; received primary health care from KP or OBCC; did not have a recent history of cancer, bariatric surgery, or pregnancy; and had biologically plausible height and BMI (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). Data analysis was conducted between August 5, 2022, and March 4, 2024.
EXPOSURE
Seattle sweetened beverage tax (1.75 cents per ounce on sweetened beverages), implemented on January 1, 2018.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcome was BMIp95 (BMI expressed as a percentage of the 95th percentile; a newly recommended metric for assessing BMI change) of the reference population for age and sex, using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. In the primary (synthetic difference-in-differences [SDID]) model used, a comparison sample was created by reweighting the comparison sample to optimize on matching to pretax trends in outcome among 6313 children in Seattle. Secondary models were within-person change models using 1 pretax measurement and 1 posttax measurement in 22 779 children and fine stratification weights to balance baseline individual and neighborhood-level confounders.
RESULTS
The primary SDID analysis included 6313 children (3041 female [48%] and 3272 male [52%]). More than a third of children (2383 [38%]) were aged 2 to 5 years); their mean (SE) age was 7.7 (0.6) years. With regard to race and ethnicity, 789 children (13%) were Asian, 631 (10%) were Black, 649 (10%) were Hispanic, and 3158 (50%) were White. The primary model results suggested that the Seattle tax was associated with a larger decrease in BMIp95 for children living in Seattle compared with those living in the comparison area (SDID: -0.90 percentage points [95% CI, -1.20 to -0.60]; P < .001). Results from secondary models were similar.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The findings of this cohort study suggest that the Seattle sweetened beverage tax was associated with a modest decrease in BMIp95 among children living in Seattle compared with children living in nearby nontaxed areas who were receiving care within the same health care systems. Taken together with existing studies in the US, these results suggest that sweetened beverage taxes may be an effective policy for improving children's BMI. Future research should test this association using longitudinal data in other US cities with sweetened beverage taxes.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Body Mass Index; Child; Child, Preschool; Taxes; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; Adolescent; Washington; Longitudinal Studies; Pediatric Obesity
PubMed: 38809555
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.13644 -
PloS One 2021Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have gained support as a policy response to adverse health effects associated with SSB consumption. On July 1, 2017, Oakland,...
INTRODUCTION
Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have gained support as a policy response to adverse health effects associated with SSB consumption. On July 1, 2017, Oakland, California, implemented a one-cent/ounce tax on SSBs with ≥25 calories/12 fluid ounces. This study estimated the long-term impact of the tax on taxed and untaxed beverage prices.
METHODS
Data on 5,830 taxed and 5,146 untaxed beverage prices were obtained from 99 stores in Oakland and 111 stores in Sacramento (comparison site), California, in late May-June 2017 and June 2019. Linear regression difference-in-differences models were computed with store and product fixed effects, with robust standard errors clustered on store, weighted based on volume sold by beverage sweetener status, type, and size.
RESULTS
Taxed beverage prices increased by 0.73 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.47,1.00) on average in supermarkets and grocery stores in Oakland relative to Sacramento and 0.74 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.39,1.09) in pharmacies, but did not change in convenience stores (-0.09 cents/ounce, 95% CI = -0.56,0.39). Untaxed beverage prices overall increased by 0.40 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.05,0.75) in pharmacies but did not change in other store types. Prices of taxed individual-size soda specifically increased in all store types, by 0.91-2.39 cents/ounce (p<0.05), as did prices of untaxed individual-size soda in convenience stores (0.79 cents/ounce, 95% CI = 0.01,1.56) and pharmacies (1.66 cents/ounce, 95% CI = 0.09,3.23).
CONCLUSIONS
Two years following SSB tax implementation, there was partial tax pass-through with differences by store type and by beverage type and size within store type.
Topics: Beverages; California; Carbonated Beverages; Commerce; Food; Humans; Policy; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; Taxes
PubMed: 33395444
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244884 -
Cancer May 2022
Topics: Bisexuality; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Medicaid; Neoplasms; United States
PubMed: 35285936
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34167 -
Contemporary Clinical Trials... Jun 2021Sugary drinks (SDs) are key contributors to excess added sugar intake and the predominant source of caffeine among children. Chronic caffeine intake causes dependence,...
BACKGROUND
Sugary drinks (SDs) are key contributors to excess added sugar intake and the predominant source of caffeine among children. Chronic caffeine intake causes dependence, and evidence for sugar dependence is emerging. Development of withdrawal symptoms may pose an obstacle to SD cessation among children. We examined the feasibility and acceptability of a three-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to investigate withdrawal symptoms resulting from replacement of children's usual caffeinated SD intake with either caffeine-free alternatives or caffeine-free and sugar-free alternatives, compared with continued consumption of caffeinated SDs.
METHODS
Twenty-nine children 8-12 years old, who consumed ≥12 ounces caffeinated SDs daily, enrolled. The two-week RCT required three in-person meetings and daily completion of electronic questionnaires to assess withdrawal symptoms and intervention adherence. Children were randomized to replace their usual caffeinated SD consumption with 1) caffeine-free alternatives, 2) caffeine-free and sugar-free alternatives, or 3) caffeinated SDs (control), provided by the study team. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight participants (97%) completed the study. Adherence was high, with 73% reporting compliance with beverage assignments, and 76% completing all questionnaires. In qualitative interviews at follow-up, children described feelings of importance and commitment, and parents did not find the procedures to be overly burdensome. While challenges to adherence were reported (e.g., child wanting other SDs, time commitment), participants described innovative strategies (e.g., designating a place for study drinks in the refrigerator) to maintain adherence.
CONCLUSION
Results indicated high levels of RCT feasibility and acceptability. The reported barriers and strategies for adherence will inform modifications required to design a larger and longer-term trial investigating withdrawal symptoms after SD cessation in children.
PubMed: 34189336
DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100791 -
Missouri Medicine 2011Tanned skin has long been viewed as attractive in today's culture. With more recent developments in the benefits of vitamin D as well as because of strong marketing by... (Review)
Review
Tanned skin has long been viewed as attractive in today's culture. With more recent developments in the benefits of vitamin D as well as because of strong marketing by the indoor tanning industry, more individuals have been tanning indoors and outside. Many people don't realize that the ultraviolet light they seek to tan their skin and boost their vitamin D levels is the same radiation that causes aging of the skin and skin cancers.
Topics: Health Promotion; Humans; Skin Aging; Skin Neoplasms; Sunlight
PubMed: 21462615
DOI: No ID Found -
Respiratory Care Apr 2012
Topics: Filtration; High-Frequency Ventilation; Humans; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Ventilators, Mechanical
PubMed: 22472505
DOI: 10.4187/respcare.01804