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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022This comprehensive review, covering the years 1968-2022, is not only a retrospective investigation of a certain group of linearly fused aromatics, called acenes, but... (Review)
Review
This comprehensive review, covering the years 1968-2022, is not only a retrospective investigation of a certain group of linearly fused aromatics, called acenes, but also a presentation of the current state of the knowledge on the synthesis, reactions, and applications of these compounds. Their characteristic feature is substitution of the aromatic system by one, two, or three organophosphorus groups, which determine their properties and applications. The (P, P, P) phosphorus atom in organophosphorus groups is linked to the acene directly by a P-C bond or indirectly through an oxygen atom by a P-O-C bond.
Topics: Benzene; Oxygen; Phosphorus; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36235148
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196611 -
Journal of Environmental Management Jun 2021Nutrient reuse and recycling is a key strategy towards more circular and sustainable food systems and depends on the specific conditions of the area under study, such as...
Nutrient reuse and recycling is a key strategy towards more circular and sustainable food systems and depends on the specific conditions of the area under study, such as geography and the type of agricultural system. In this study we analysed nutrient flows and assessed the circularity of a livestock-dominated and export-oriented agro-food system at different system levels and spatial scales. We quantified the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) flows and soil balances in the Belgian agro-food system at the sub-regional, regional and national scale, and assessed five P-based indicators that capture different aspects of circularity: total inputs, phosphorus use efficiency, share of reused to total input, recycling rate, and losses. We found that nutrient soil balances depend on the type of agricultural system: areas with intense livestock production accumulate up to 108 kgN/ha, 4.8 kgP/ha and 150 kgK/ha in their soil annually, whereas areas of mostly arable production have low N and K surpluses of <20 kg/ha and P deficits of < -10 kg/ha. We further found that Wallonia, the southern region of the country that is characterized by lower livestock densities and a partial reuse of sewage sludge, outperforms the Flemish region in the North in all five indicators. The food system in the whole of Belgium has a 34% phosphorus use efficiency rate and a 63% overall recycling rate, while 84% of the total inputs in agriculture are from secondary sources. Our results show that the type of production system is the most crucial determinant for circularity, and highlight the benefit of working at different levels and spatial scales to capture all aspects of circularity in agro-food systems.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Belgium; Fertilizers; Nitrogen; Nutrients; Phosphorus
PubMed: 33780823
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112383 -
Poultry Science May 1989Laying hens were fed diets containing combinations of 2.6 or 3.6% calcium and .45 or .75% total phosphorus. After receiving the diets for 2 wk, blood samples were...
Laying hens were fed diets containing combinations of 2.6 or 3.6% calcium and .45 or .75% total phosphorus. After receiving the diets for 2 wk, blood samples were collected during a 24-h period at 6-h intervals and total calcium, ultrafilterable calcium and dialyzable phosphorus was determined on blood plasma. Plasma total calcium was higher (P less than .05) in hens that received the diets containing the higher level of calcium (3.6%), but was not influenced by dietary phosphorus levels. Overall in the experiment, neither the dietary calcium nor phosphorus levels had significant effects on the plasma ultrafilterable calcium or dialyzable phosphorus. However, at 0600 and 1200 h, dialyzable phosphorus levels in plasma of hens fed the diet high in both calcium and phosphorus was significantly (P less than .05) greater than that in plasma from hens fed diets low in both calcium and phosphorus. The time that the blood sample was taken had a significant effect (P less than .05) on plasma total calcium, ultrafilterable calcium, and dialyzable phosphorus.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Chickens; Dialysis; Diet; Female; Phosphorus; Time Factors
PubMed: 2755898
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0680719 -
Poultry Science May 1999This is a review paper on the effects of aluminum sulfate (alum) on ammonia volatilization and P runoff from poultry litter. Initially, laboratory studies were conducted... (Review)
Review
This is a review paper on the effects of aluminum sulfate (alum) on ammonia volatilization and P runoff from poultry litter. Initially, laboratory studies were conducted that showed P solubility could be reduced in poultry litter with Al, Ca, and Fe amendments, indicating that these amendments may reduce P runoff. These results were confirmed in small plot studies in which alum applications to litter were shown to decrease P concentrations in runoff by as much as 87%, while improving tall fescue yields. Leaf tissue analyses indicated that the yield improvements were due to increased N availability, which we hypothesized was due to reduced NH3 volatilization. This result was confirmed in laboratory studies that showed that alum was one of the most effective (and cost-effective) compounds for reducing NH3 volatilization. Field trials conducted at commercial broiler farms in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency showed that alum additions to poultry litter lowered litter pH, particularly during the first 3 to 4 wk of each growout, which resulted in less NH3 volatilization and lower atmospheric NH3. Ammonia volatilization rates were reduced by 97% for the first 4 wk of the growout. Broilers grown on alum-treated litter were heavier than the controls (1.73 vs 1.66 kg) and had lower mortality (3.9 vs 4.2%) and better feed efficiency (1.98 vs 2.04). Electricity and propane use were lower for alum-treated houses. As a result of these economic benefits to the integrator and grower, the benefit:cost ratio of alum addition was 1.96. Phosphorus concentrations in runoff from small watersheds were 75% lower from alum-treated litter than normal litter over a 3-yr period. Long-term small plot studies on alum use have shown that alum-treated litter results in lower soil test P levels than normal litter and does not increase Al availability in soils or uptake by plants.
Topics: Agriculture; Alum Compounds; Animals; Eutrophication; Feces; Phosphorus; Poultry; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 10228965
DOI: 10.1093/ps/78.5.692 -
Environmental Science & Technology Aug 2021Excessive production of biomass, in times of intensification of agriculture and climate change, is again becoming one of the biggest environmental issues. Identification...
Excessive production of biomass, in times of intensification of agriculture and climate change, is again becoming one of the biggest environmental issues. Identification of sources and effects of this phenomenon in a river catchment in the space-time continuum has been supported by advanced environmental modules combined on a digital platform (Macromodel DNS/SWAT). This tool enabled the simulation of nutrient loads and chlorophyll "a" for the Nielba River catchment (central-western Poland) for the biomass production potential (defined here as a TN:TP ratio) analysis. Major differences have been observed between sections of the Nielba River with low biomass production in the upper part, controlled by TN:TP ratios over 65, and high chlorophyll "a" concentrations in the lower part, affected by biomass transport for the flow-through lakes. Under the long and short-term RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios, this pattern will be emphasized. The obtained results showed that unfavorable biomass production potential will be maintained in the upper riverine sections due to a further increase in phosphorus loads induced by precipitation growth. Precipitation alone will increase biomass production, while precipitation combined with temperature can even enhance this production in the existing hot spots.
Topics: Agriculture; Biomass; Climate Change; Environmental Monitoring; Phosphorus; Rivers
PubMed: 34343428
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03211 -
The New Phytologist Oct 2015324 I. 324 II. 325 III. 326 IV. 327 328 References 328 SUMMARY: Myriad field, laboratory, and modeling studies show that nutrient availability plays a fundamental role... (Review)
Review
324 I. 324 II. 325 III. 326 IV. 327 328 References 328 SUMMARY: Myriad field, laboratory, and modeling studies show that nutrient availability plays a fundamental role in regulating CO2 exchange between the Earth's biosphere and atmosphere, and in determining how carbon pools and fluxes respond to climatic change. Accordingly, global models that incorporate coupled climate-carbon cycle feedbacks made a significant advance with the introduction of a prognostic nitrogen cycle. Here we propose that incorporating phosphorus cycling represents an important next step in coupled climate-carbon cycling model development, particularly for lowland tropical forests where phosphorus availability is often presumed to limit primary production. We highlight challenges to including phosphorus in modeling efforts and provide suggestions for how to move forward.
Topics: Internationality; Models, Biological; Phosphorus
PubMed: 26115197
DOI: 10.1111/nph.13521 -
The New Phytologist Aug 2012The elemental analysis of plant material is a frequently employed tool across biological disciplines, yet accurate, convenient and economical methods for the...
The elemental analysis of plant material is a frequently employed tool across biological disciplines, yet accurate, convenient and economical methods for the determination of some important elements are currently lacking. For instance, digestion-based techniques are often hazardous and time-consuming and, particularly in the case of silicon (Si), can suffer from low accuracy due to incomplete solubilization and potential volatilization, whilst other methods may require large, expensive and specialised equipment. Here, we present a rapid, safe and accurate procedure for the simultaneous, nonconsumptive analysis of Si and phosphorus (P) in as little as 0.1 g dried and ground plant material using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (P-XRF). We used certified reference materials from different plant species to test the analytical performance of P-XRF and show that the analysis suffers from very little bias and that the repeatability precision of the measurements is as good as or better than that of other methods. Using this technique we were able to process and analyse 200 ground samples a day, so P-XRF could provide a particularly valuable tool for plant biologists requiring the simultaneous nonconsumptive analysis of multiple elements, including those known to be difficult to measure such as Si, in large numbers of samples.
Topics: Fluorescence; Limit of Detection; Lolium; Phosphorus; Poaceae; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Silicon; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; Time Factors; Triticum
PubMed: 22671981
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04179.x -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2020This study compares two mangroves with different land uses in the Jaguaribe River estuary, harboring large shrimp farms, and in the more pristine Pacotí River estuary....
This study compares two mangroves with different land uses in the Jaguaribe River estuary, harboring large shrimp farms, and in the more pristine Pacotí River estuary. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to compare the overall health of the forests. Measures of suspended matter (TSS), total (TP), particulate (PartP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the inflow and outflow waters of tidal channels draining the mangroves were performed during tidal cycles. NDVI varied from 0.65 in the Jaguaribe estuary to 0.85 in the Pacotí, suggesting the impact of shrimp farm effluents on mangrove canopy cover. The shrimp farm influenced site showed 10 times larger absolute ∑P (TP + PartP + SRP) = 1.2-5.2 kg.hr-1) flux than the pristine site (∑P = 0.22 kg.hr-1). Tidal balances showed smaller retentions of the total influx: 28-54%; 44-45%; 38-65% and 8-53% for TSS; TP; SRP; and PartP respectively, in the shrimp farm influenced site to over 93% of the total tidal input of TSS and all P fractions in the pristine mangrove. This suggests that mangrove phosphorus accumulation is decreased in the forest with lower NDVI and limits mangrove's potential as a natural barrier to the nutrient transport to adjacent estuarine and coastal waters.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Brazil; Environmental Monitoring; Eutrophication; Phosphorus
PubMed: 33111824
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020200758 -
Journal of Dairy Science Dec 2004Recent data from phosphorus (P) feeding trials have demonstrated that P concentration in dairy feces is directly affected by P levels in diets and that farm P surpluses...
Recent data from phosphorus (P) feeding trials have demonstrated that P concentration in dairy feces is directly affected by P levels in diets and that farm P surpluses as well as potential environmental losses can be reduced through dietary manipulation. The current study was conducted to examine the variability of fecal P under farm conditions and to elucidate factors affecting the concentration and solubility of fecal P. Feed and fecal samples from >30 commercial dairies in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions were analyzed. Dietary P concentrations ranged from 3.45 to 5.78 g/kg of feed DM (DM), and P determined in acid digests (TP) of feces from 5.84 to 12.84 g/kg of fecal DM. On average, 50% of fecal TP was water soluble; of the latter, 83% was inorganic (Pi). Across-farm variability (n=33) had CV averaging 18.9% for fecal TP and >20% for Pi and total P (Pt) in water extracts. Within-farm variability based on multiple samples per herd had the same magnitude as across-farm and was independent of sample numbers from individual farms (n=7 to 30). Of all fecal parameters determined, pH and DM had the lowest variability (CV <10%), water-soluble Pi, Pt, and Ca the highest (CV of 20 to 30%), and total P, Ca, and Mg determined by acid digests were intermediate (CV 10 to 20%). Water-soluble Pi concentrations determined in dried-ground fecal samples were lower than in wet samples. The drying-grinding process changes Pi solubility and the change is not linear. This study confirms that dietary P concentration is the dominating factor affecting fecal P excretion; however, Ca concentration, DIM, and fecal pH also made small, but statistically significant contributions, although some of the mechanisms remain to be thoroughly investigated.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Environmental Pollutants; Environmental Pollution; Feces; Female; Phosphorus; Phosphorus, Dietary; Solubility
PubMed: 15545398
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73579-1 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2016This study investigated the mechanism and key factors influencing concurrent phosphorus (P) recovery and energy generation in microbial fuel cells (MFC) during...
This study investigated the mechanism and key factors influencing concurrent phosphorus (P) recovery and energy generation in microbial fuel cells (MFC) during wastewater treatment. Using a mediator-less dual chamber microbial fuel cell operated for 120 days; P was shown to precipitate as struvite when ammonium and magnesium chloride solutions were added to the cathode chamber. Monitoring data for chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and aeration flow rate showed that a maximum 38% P recovery was achieved; and this corresponds to 1.5 g/L, pH > 8, -550 ± 10 mV and 50 mL/min respectively, for COD, pH(cathode), ORP and cathode aeration flow rate. More importantly, COD and aeration flow rate were shown to be the key influencing factors for the P recovery and energy generation. Results further show that the maximum P recovery corresponds to 72 mW/m² power density. However, the energy generated at maximum P recovery was not the optimum; this shows that whilst P recovery and energy generation can be concurrently achieved in a microbial fuel cell, neither can be at the optimal value.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Bioelectric Energy Sources; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Electrodes; Magnesium Chloride; Magnesium Compounds; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Struvite; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater
PubMed: 27043584
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040375