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Journal of Clinical Microbiology Sep 1987We report the 11th human case of bloodstream infection with Plesiomonas shigelloides. This was the first case without any apparent underlying immunocompromising disease,... (Review)
Review
We report the 11th human case of bloodstream infection with Plesiomonas shigelloides. This was the first case without any apparent underlying immunocompromising disease, and the patient was the first adult to survive the infection. We review all the extraintestinal cases associated with this organism, giving special attention to the clinical characteristics of the bloodstream infections reported previously.
Topics: Arthritis, Infectious; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Immunocompetence; Male; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Sepsis; Vibrionaceae
PubMed: 3308955
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.9.1791-1793.1987 -
Heliyon Jun 2024, an aquatic bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, is a frequent cause of gastroenteritis with diarrhea and gastrointestinal severe disease. Despite...
, an aquatic bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, is a frequent cause of gastroenteritis with diarrhea and gastrointestinal severe disease. Despite decades of research, discovering a licensed and globally accessible vaccine is still years away. Developing a putative vaccine that can combat the infection by boosting population immunity against is direly needed. In the framework of the current study, the entire proteome of was explored using subtractive genomics integrated with the immunoinformatics approach for designing an effective vaccine construct against . The overall stability of the vaccine construct was evaluated using molecular docking, which demonstrated that MEV showed higher binding affinities with toll-like receptors (TLR4: 51.5 ± 10.3, TLR2: 60.5 ± 9.2) and MHC receptors(MHCI: 79.7 ± 11.2 kcal/mol, MHCII: 70.4 ± 23.7). Further, the therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine construct for generating an efficient immune response was evaluated by computational immunological simulation. Finally, computer-based cloning and improvement in codon composition without altering amino acid sequence led to the development of a proposed vaccine. In a nutshell, the findings of this study add to the existing knowledge about the pathogenesis of this infection. The schemed MEV can be a possible prophylactic agent for individuals infected with . Nevertheless, further authentication is required to guarantee its safeness and immunogenic potential.
PubMed: 38845922
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31304 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2022Varying dietary inclusion levels of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) were applied in a feeding experiment with juvenile largemouth bass () to assess their effects on...
Varying dietary inclusion levels of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) were applied in a feeding experiment with juvenile largemouth bass () to assess their effects on growth, intestinal antioxidant status, immunity, and microflora. FPH were added in 4 dietary levels: 0 g/kg (control group, FPH-0), 10 g/kg (FPH-10), 30 g/kg (FPH-30), and 50 g/kg (FPH-50) dry matter, respectively substituting 0, 5.3, 16.3, and 27.3% of fish meal with dietary fish meal. Quadruplicate groups of 25 juvenile largemouth bass with initial body weight 9.51 ± 0.03 g were fed during the 56-day feeding experiment. Experimental results showed that fish fed FPH-30 obtained a significantly higher weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and significant feed conversion rate (FCR) compared to the other three groups ( < 0.05). FPH-30 group also promoted protein synthesis and deposition, as evidenced by the higher whole-body crude protein contents, the higher expressions of GH1, IGF-1, TOR, and S6K in the liver, and SLC7A5, SLC7A8, SLC38A2, and SLC15A2 in the intestine than the other three groups. FPH-30 group could also enhance intestinal health status by increasing the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, GSH-Px, and T-AOC activities by upregulating the expressions of SOD, GSH-Px, IL1β, and TNFβ, and by reducing the MDA contents and the expressions of IL15, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, and Caspase 10 than other groups. Compared to the control group, the abundance markedly decreased in FPH treatments, while the variation tendency of the phylum was opposite. The peak value of ratio and the lowest of abundance were seen in largemouth bass fed FPH-30 ( < 0.05). Fish in three FPH treatments had lower abundances of opportunistic pathogens and than fish in the control group. In conclusion, FPH is a nutritious feed ingredient for juvenile largemouth bass, and can be added to a dietary level of 30 g/kg dry matter replacing fish meal without any negative effect on growth and feed utilization. FPH supplements could also strengthen the intestinal immune mechanisms of largemouth bass to tackle the immunodeficiency produced by fish meal replacement.
PubMed: 35634365
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.816341 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of protein hydrolysates on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, protein...
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of protein hydrolysates on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, protein metabolism, and intestinal health in larval largemouth bass (). The experimental feeding trial presented in this study was based on five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets formulated with graded inclusion levels of protein hydrolysates, and it showed that protein hydrolysates improved growth performance, reduced larval deformity rate, and increased the activity of digestive enzymes, including pepsin and trypsin. Gene expression results revealed that the supplementation of protein hydrolysates upregulated the expression of intestinal amino acid transporters LAT2 and peptide transporter 2 (PepT2), as well as the amino acid transporters LAT1 in muscle. Dietary provision of protein hydrolysates activated the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway including the up-regulation of TOR and AKT1, and down-regulation of 4EBP1. Additionally, the expression of genes involved in the amino acids response (AAR) pathway, ATF4 and REDD1, were inhibited. Protein hydrolysates inhibited the transcription of some pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-8 and 5-LOX, but promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10. The 16S rRNA analysis, using V3-V4 region, indicated that dietary protein hydrolysates supplementation reduced the diversity of the intestine microbial community, increased the enrichment of and reduced the enrichment of at the genus level. In summary, protein hydrolysates have been shown to be an active and useful supplement to positively complement other protein sources in the diets for largemouth bass larvae, and this study provided novel insights on the beneficial roles and possible mechanisms of action of dietary protein hydrolysates in improving the overall performance of fish larvae.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bass; Cytokines; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Intestines; Larva; Protein Hydrolysates; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35928824
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913024 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2022The current study evaluated the effects of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins from chestnut and quebracho wood, respectively (TSP, Silvafeed), on zebrafish with...
The current study evaluated the effects of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins from chestnut and quebracho wood, respectively (TSP, Silvafeed), on zebrafish with intestinal inflammation induced by a plant-based diet (basal diet). Four experimental diets were prepared as follows: the basal diet + 0 TSP, the basal diet + TSP at 0.9 g/kg of feed, the basal diet + TSP at 1.7 g/kg of feed, and the basal diet + TSP at 3.4 g/kg of feed. Eighty-four zebrafish () were fed for 12 days with the experimental diets. In zebrafish fed the basal diet, intestine integrity appeared to be altered, with damaged intestinal villi, high immunoexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and high expression of the , interleukin 1 ), interleukin 8 (), and genes. The tannin treatment partially restored intestinal morphology and downregulated the expression of cytokines. The best activity was detected with 1.7 and 3.4 g/kg of feed. In the guts of all groups, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the most represented phyla. The most represented genera were and , belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum; , belonging to the Fusobacteria phylum; and , belonging to the Firmicutes phylum. No significant differences were detected among groups, except for a slight decrease in the Fusobacteria phylum and slight increases in the and genera with TSP. In conclusion, these results suggest that tannins can improve the zebrafish intestinal inflammation caused by a terrestrial-plant-based diet in a dose-dependent manner.
PubMed: 36611775
DOI: 10.3390/ani13010167 -
Aquaculture Nutrition 2023Citric acid is an organic acid extensively used in feed industry, and AZOMITE is a hydrated aluminosilicate compound rich in rare earth elements and trace mineral...
Citric acid is an organic acid extensively used in feed industry, and AZOMITE is a hydrated aluminosilicate compound rich in rare earth elements and trace mineral elements. This study investigated the supplemental effects of AZOMITE and citric acid individual or in combination on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, digestive enzyme activity, serum indexes, and disease resistance of juvenile largemouth bass. Six diets were designed, including the control diet (CON) and the five additive-supplemented diets with the addition of 4 or 8 g/kg citric acid (CA4, CA8), 3 g/kg AZOMITE (A3), and their combined addition as 4 g/kg citric acid + 1.5 g/kg AZOMITE) (C4A1.5) and 8 g/kg citric acid + 3 g/kg AZOMITE (C8A3). Juvenile largemouth bass with initial body weight of 22.01 ± 0.09 g were fed the six diets for 56 days. The results revealed that the combined addition of 4 g/kg citric acid and 1.5 g/kg AZOMITE (C4A1.5) increased weight gain by 7.99% ( < 0.05), and decreased feed conversion ratio by 0.07 ( < 0.05). The protein retention in the C4A1.5 group and the lipid retention in all additive-supplemented groups were significantly higher than those in the control group ( < 0.05). In serum, all additive-supplemented groups showed significantly higher glutathione peroxidase activity than the control group ( < 0.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the CA8, A3, C4A1.5, and C8A3 groups were significantly higher ( < 0.05), while the concentration of malondialdehyde was significantly lower than those in the control group ( < 0.05). Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity in the A3 and C4A1.5 groups, and lysozyme activity in the A3, C4A1.5, and C8A3 groups were significantly increased when compared to the control group ( < 0.05). In digestive enzyme, the protease activity in the A3, C4A1.5 groups, and amylase activity in the CA4, CA8, and C4A1.5 groups were significantly higher than those in the control group ( < 0.05). In intestinal microbiota, abundance was elevated in all additive groups, while the and abundance were decreased. In the intestinal histology, the CA8, A3, and C4A1.5 groups showed significantly higher villus height than the control group ( < 0.05). After the infection with , the cumulative mortality of all additive-supplemented groups was significantly lower ( < 0.05), and the C4A1.5 group demonstrated the lowest mortality. In conclusion, the combined supplementation of 4 g/kg citric acid + 1.5 g/kg AZOMITE increased the growth, antioxidant, immune capacity, improved the intestinal morphology and microbial flora of juvenile largemouth bass, and promoted the resistance against infection.
PubMed: 37881475
DOI: 10.1155/2023/5022456 -
ACS Omega Jan 2022A newer ciprofloxacin series containing 1,2,3-triazole conjugates of ciprofloxacin was designed, synthesized, and well characterized using modern analytical techniques...
A newer ciprofloxacin series containing 1,2,3-triazole conjugates of ciprofloxacin was designed, synthesized, and well characterized using modern analytical techniques by reacting diversified anilines with ciprofloxacin obtained from ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. The newer conjugates were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against various strains, viz. (ATCC25923), (clinical isolate), (ATCC3594), (ATCC25922), (ATCC27853), (clinical isolate), (clinical isolate), (ATCC19606), (ATCC7966), (ATCC14029), and (MTCC6362) . Interestingly, some of the conjugates showed superior antimicrobial activity as compared to the control drug ciprofloxacin. The three compounds , , and showed strong activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.78 μM, while the compound showed MIC 1.56 μM against (clinical). The compound showed good efficacy against (ATCC25923) and (clinical) with MIC 3.12 μM, while the compound exhibited efficacy with MIC 3.12 μM against (ATCC25923) and the control drug ciprofloxacin showed MIC 6.25 μM. Among all of the synthesized compounds, , , , , , , , and displayed less than 20% hemolysis, while the rest of the compounds showed hemolysis in the range of 21-48%. Moreover, the structure of compound was also established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
PubMed: 35097270
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05303 -
European Journal of Medical Research Sep 2023Gallstone disease is a prevalent biliary disease worldwide, and bacteria play vital roles in the disease development and progression, as well as the prognosis after...
Gallstone disease is a prevalent biliary disease worldwide, and bacteria play vital roles in the disease development and progression, as well as the prognosis after endoscopic surgery. However, there have been limited studies to explore the key taxa involved. In this study, bile samples from healthy controls (HCs, liver donors without hepatobiliary disease) and three diseased groups, namely patients with gallbladder stones (GBS), patients with common bile duct stones (CBDS), and patients with stricture in the common bile duct (SCBD), were collected and analyzed. Bacterial community characterization based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that bacterial diversities did not change significantly alongside gallstone disease development and progression. The predominant phyla in each group were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Fusobacteriota, representing over 80% in abundance of the biliary bacteria community. Specifically, the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased greatly while that of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota increased greatly in the diseased groups when compared to that in HCs. Moreover, linear discriminant analysis identified several genera highly represented in the diseased groups. Among them, Klebsiella, Prevotella, Pseudomonas and Veillonella are persistent in both the HCs group and the diseased groups, indicating an enrichment of local bile bacteria in the diseased bile; while Lachnoanerobaculum, Atopobium, Oribacterium, and Stomatobaculum, those aligned to oral cavity taxa, are persistent in the diseased groups but are transient in the HCs group, and their abundances sequentially increased with the disease development and progression (HCs→GBS→CBDS→SCBD), implying a translocation and colonization of the oral cavity bacteria in the diseased bile. Moreover, co-occurrence network analysis revealed that bacterial infection (e.g., Photobacterium and Plesiomonas) from the intestine was developed during endoscopic surgery with reduced bile bacteria diversity. The results of this study revealed that the bile bacterial community is relatively stable and dominated by a few persistent taxa. Moreover, we hypothesized that translocation and colonization of specific bacteria from the oral cavity happens alongside gallstone disease development and progression, and bacterial infection from the intestinal tract results in poor outcomes after endoscopic surgery.
Topics: Humans; Gallstones; Bile; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Bacteria; Constriction, Pathologic; Disease Progression
PubMed: 37660138
DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01308-y -
MicrobiologyOpen Mar 2019The relationship between the internal microbiome of an individual organism and that of its external environment has been little investigated in freshwater ecosystems....
The relationship between the internal microbiome of an individual organism and that of its external environment has been little investigated in freshwater ecosystems. Thus, this is an area of interest in freshwater fish biology. Along with the genotype of the fish host, external environment plays an important role in determining the composition of the internal microbiome. Here, we characterized the variability of the microbiome of wild Crucian carp (Carassius auratus), along with those of their surrounding environments (water and mud). We found that each environment had distinct bacterial communities, with varying composition and structure. The primary bacterial phyla identified in the Crucian carp gut were Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria (90% of all bacterial phyla identified); the primary genera identified were Cetobacterium, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas (85% of all bacterial phyla identified). We identified 1,739 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the Crucian carp gut, 1,703 in water, and 5,322 in mud. Each environment had unique OTUs, but the fewest unique OTUs (97) were found in the Crucian carp gut. There were significant differences in the relative abundances of different bacterial phyla in the different environments. It may be that only bacterial phyla vital for efficient fish function (e.g., immune response or metabolism), such as Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria, are retained in the Crucian carp gut.
Topics: Animals; Environmental Exposure; Fresh Water; Geologic Sediments; Goldfish; Microbiota
PubMed: 29877059
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.650 -
PLoS Biology Mar 2019Bacteria switch only intermittently to motile planktonic lifestyles under favorable conditions. Under chronic nutrient deprivation, however, bacteria orchestrate a...
Bacteria switch only intermittently to motile planktonic lifestyles under favorable conditions. Under chronic nutrient deprivation, however, bacteria orchestrate a switch to stationary phase, conserving energy by altering metabolism and stopping motility. About two-thirds of bacteria use flagella to swim, but how bacteria deactivate this large molecular machine remains unclear. Here, we describe the previously unreported ejection of polar motors by γ-proteobacteria. We show that these bacteria eject their flagella at the base of the flagellar hook when nutrients are depleted, leaving a relic of a former flagellar motor in the outer membrane. Subtomogram averages of the full motor and relic reveal that this is an active process, as a plug protein appears in the relic, likely to prevent leakage across their outer membrane; furthermore, we show that ejection is triggered only under nutritional depletion and is independent of the filament as a possible mechanosensor. We show that filament ejection is a widespread phenomenon demonstrated by the appearance of relic structures in diverse γ-proteobacteria including Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio fischeri, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While the molecular details remain to be determined, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism for bacteria to halt costly motility when nutrients become scarce.
Topics: Flagella; Gammaproteobacteria; Plesiomonas; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Shewanella putrefaciens; Vibrio cholerae
PubMed: 30889173
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000165