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Assessment of Chitosan-Based Hydrogel and Photodynamic Inactivation against Propionibacterium acnes.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2018Chitosan (CH) is a biopolymer that exhibits a number of interesting properties such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity and is also a promising platform for...
Chitosan (CH) is a biopolymer that exhibits a number of interesting properties such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity and is also a promising platform for the incorporation of photosensitizing agents. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial activity of chitosan hydrogel formulation alone and in combination with the methylene blue (MB) associated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against planktonic and biofilm phase of . Suspensions were sensitized with 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, 50.0 μg/mL of MB for 10 min and biofilms to 75, 100 and 150 μg/mL for 30 min then exposed to red light (660 nm) at 90 J/cm² and 150 J/cm² respectively. After treatments, survival fractions were calculated by counting the number of colony-forming units. The lethal effect of aPDT associated with CH hydrogel in planktonic phase was achieved with 12.5 µg/mL MB and 1.9 log biofilm reduction using 75 µg/mL MB. Rheological studies showed that formulations exhibited pseudoplastic non-Newtonian behavior without thixotropy. Bioadhesion test evidenced that the formulations are highly adhesive to skin and the incorporation of MB did not influence the bioadhesive force of the formulations.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Chitosan; Humans; Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; Methylene Blue; Photochemotherapy; Propionibacterium acnes; Rheology
PubMed: 29470387
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020473 -
(+)--Δ-7,8-Dihydroxy-3,3',5'-Trimethoxy-8--4'-Neolignan, an Anti-Acne Component in Degreasing Houtt.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2020Acne is a common skin condition observed in adolescents. Nutmeg ( Houtt) (MF) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine; its major toxic components, safrole and...
Acne is a common skin condition observed in adolescents. Nutmeg ( Houtt) (MF) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine; its major toxic components, safrole and myristicin, are rich in essential oils. Essential oils of MF (MFO) were extracted by hydrodistillation; the residue was extracted using 50% methanol (MFE-M). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MFE-M against and was 0.64 mg. Four compounds were obtained from MFE-M: myristicin (), (+)--Δ-7,8- dihydroxy-3,3,5'-trimethoxy-8--4'-neolignan (), (+)-Δ-7-hydroxy-3,4,3',5'-tetramethoxy 8--4-neolignan (), and e-Δ-7-acetoxy-3,4,3',5'-tetramethoxy-8--4'-neolignan (). Compound exerted the strongest antimicrobial activity, with MICs of 6.25 and 3.12 μg/mL against and , respectively. Moreover, inhibited NO, PGE, iNOS, and COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS or heat-killed ; NO production at 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC) was 11.07 and 11.53 μg/mL, respectively. Myristicin and safrole content was higher in MFO than in MFE-M. MFO and MFE-M caused no skin irritation after a single topical application in Wistar rats. MFE-M, with low safrole and myristicin content, did not cause skin irritation and exhibited an anti-acne effect; moreover, was identified as the active substance. Therefore, MFE-M could be employed to develop anti-acne compounds for use in cosmetics.
Topics: Allylbenzene Derivatives; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Dioxolanes; Female; Lignans; Myristica; Propionibacteriaceae; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Safrole; Skin; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 33036279
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194563 -
FEBS Letters Jan 2002The (beta alpha)(8)-barrel is the most frequent and most versatile fold among enzymes [Höcker et al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 12 (2001) 376-381; Wierenga, FEBS Lett.... (Review)
Review
The (beta alpha)(8)-barrel is the most frequent and most versatile fold among enzymes [Höcker et al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 12 (2001) 376-381; Wierenga, FEBS Lett. 492 (2001) 193-198]. Structural and functional evidence suggests that (beta alpha)(8)-barrels evolved from an ancestral half-barrel, which consisted of four (beta alpha) units stabilized by dimerization [Lang et al., Science 289 (2000) 1546-550; Höcker et al., Nat. Struct. Biol. 8 (2001) 32-36; Gerlt and Babbitt, Nat. Struct. Biol. 8 (2001) 5-7]. Here, by performing a comprehensive database search, we detect a striking and unexpected structural and amino acid sequence similarity between (beta alpha)(4) half-barrels and members of the (beta alpha)(5) flavodoxin-like fold. These findings provoke the hypothesis that a large fraction of the modern-day enzymes evolved from a basic structural building block, which can be identified by a combination of sequence and structural analyses.
Topics: Computational Biology; Databases, Protein; Enzymes; Escherichia coli; Evolution, Molecular; Flavodoxin; Models, Molecular; Propionibacterium; Protein Folding; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thermotoga maritima
PubMed: 11801240
DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03232-x -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Oct 2016Propionibacterium acnes has been implicated in the development of acne vulgaris. Rampant use of topical and systemic antibiotics for acne vulgaris has led to resistance...
INTRODUCTION
Propionibacterium acnes has been implicated in the development of acne vulgaris. Rampant use of topical and systemic antibiotics for acne vulgaris has led to resistance due to selective pressure. This study aimed to determine antibiotic resistance of P. acnes.
METHODOLOGY
A total of 102 samples were collected from acne lesions and cultured onto sheep's blood agar and brain-heart infusion agar supplemented with 5 g/L glucose and 2 mg/L furazolidone) (BHIg) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Species identification was done by conventional methods and the VITEK2 Compact system. The isolates were tested for penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, nadifloxacin, and tetracycline by E-test, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of minocycline was determined by agar dilution on BHIg. MIC results were interpreted as per EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) and CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines.
RESULTS
P. acnes was the most common anaerobe (66%) isolated. Resistance rates using EUCAST and CLSI breakpoints were 10.6% and 6.1%, 7.6% and 0%, 7.8% and 0% for erythromycin, clindamycin, and minocycline, respectively. Tetracycline resistance was observed in 9.2% isolates irrespective of the interpretative criteria used. MIC50 and MIC90 values for nadifloxacin (0.25 and 1 µg/mL) were found to be twofold lower than those for ciprofloxacin (0.5 and 1 µg/mL). Similarly, MIC50 and MIC90 values for minocycline (0.125 and 0.5 µg/mL) were also two- to threefold lower than those for tetracycline (0.38 and 1 µg/mL).
CONCLUSIONS
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on P. acnes resistance from India.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; India; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prevalence; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 27801379
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.6862 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Jan 2021TH17 cell subpopulations have been defined that contribute to inflammation and homeostasis, yet the characteristics of TH17 cells that contribute to host defense against...
TH17 cell subpopulations have been defined that contribute to inflammation and homeostasis, yet the characteristics of TH17 cells that contribute to host defense against infection are not clear. To elucidate the antimicrobial machinery of the TH17 subset, we studied the response to Cutibacterium acnes, a skin commensal that is resistant to IL-26, the only known TH17-secreted protein with direct antimicrobial activity. We generated C. acnes-specific antimicrobial TH17 clones (AMTH17) with varying antimicrobial activity against C. acnes, which we correlated by RNA sequencing to the expression of transcripts encoding proteins that contribute to antimicrobial activity. Additionally, we validated that AMTH17-mediated killing of C. acnes and bacterial pathogens was dependent on the secretion of granulysin, granzyme B, perforin, and histone H2B. We found that AMTH17 cells can release fibrous structures composed of DNA decorated with histone H2B that entangle C. acnes that we call T cell extracellular traps (TETs). Within acne lesions, H2B and IL-17 colocalized in CD4+ T cells, in proximity to TETs in the extracellular space composed of DNA decorated with H2B. This study identifies a functionally distinct subpopulation of TH17 cells with an ability to form TETs containing secreted antimicrobial proteins that capture and kill bacteria.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Extracellular Traps; Humans; Propionibacteriaceae; RNA-Seq; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Th17 Cells
PubMed: 33211671
DOI: 10.1172/JCI141594 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2022Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory skin disorder leading to an impairment of quality of life and is therefore not only a cosmetic issue. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial...
BACKGROUND
Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory skin disorder leading to an impairment of quality of life and is therefore not only a cosmetic issue. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial - of particular importance is the colonization with the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. A wide range of different treatment options exists including topical and systemic treatments depending on severity. High Frequency (HF) therapy, historically developed in the 19 century, claims antimicrobial effects on acne skin, but solid data on its efficacy and mechanism of action is lacking.
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of HF therapy on skin flora and P. acnes in vitro using a commercial device as well as to review studies on the mechanism of action.
METHODS
The plasma source was investigated regarding electrical settings, heat, and ozone development. Bacterial skin flora, fungal isolates, and P. acnes were exposed to HF in vitro and compared to unexposed controls by evaluating the number of colonies on agar plates. To further analyze bacterial species from normal skin flora, 16S-sequencing was performed. Statistical analyses were carried out using row analysis and unpaired t-test.
RESULTS
HF treatment led to a significant reduction of almost every bacterial and fungal species investigated in this study. Moreover, the number of colonies forming units was significantly decreased in P. acnes after HF treatment compared to controls in vitro.
STUDY LIMITATIONS
The experiments were performed in vitro only. To assess clinical effects further in vivo experiments are necessary.
CONCLUSIONS
The results collected in this study, although in vitro, provide a mechanistic basis for HF as a complementary treatment option for patients with acne. It might also have a beneficial effect on patients with superficial infectious skin of the skin.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Agar; Anti-Infective Agents; Humans; Ozone; Propionibacterium acnes; Quality of Life
PubMed: 36109271
DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.09.015 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Apr 2020Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a beneficial bacterium widely used in food as a probiotic and as a cheese-ripening starter. In these different applications, it is...
Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a beneficial bacterium widely used in food as a probiotic and as a cheese-ripening starter. In these different applications, it is produced, dried, and stored before being used. Both freeze-drying and spray-drying were considered for this purpose. Freeze-drying is a discontinuous process that is energy-consuming but that allows high cell survival. Spray-drying is a continuous process that is more energy-efficient but that can lead to massive bacterial death related to heat, osmotic, and oxidative stresses. We have shown that P. freudenreichii cultivated in hyperconcentrated rich media can be spray-dried with limited bacterial death. However, the general stress tolerance conferred by this hyperosmotic constraint remained a black box. In this study, we modulated P. freudenreichii growth conditions and monitored both osmoprotectant accumulation and stress tolerance acquisition. Changing the ratio between the carbohydrates provided and non-protein nitrogen during growth under osmotic constraint modulated osmoprotectant accumulation. This, in turn, was correlated with P. freudenreichii tolerance towards different stresses, on the one hand, and towards freeze-drying and spray-drying, on the other. Surprisingly, trehalose accumulation correlated with spray-drying survival and glycine betaine accumulation with freeze-drying. This first report showing the ability to modulate the trehalose/GB ratio in osmoprotectants accumulated by a probiotic bacterium opens new perspectives for the optimization of probiotics production.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Betaine; Carbon; Cheese; Cross Protection; Culture Media; Desiccation; Freeze Drying; Microbial Viability; Osmotic Pressure; Probiotics; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Sodium Chloride; Trehalose
PubMed: 32076782
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10425-1 -
Infection and Immunity May 1985Statistical comparisons of the floras associated with juvenile periodontitis, severe periodontitis, and moderate periodontitis indicated that differences in the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Statistical comparisons of the floras associated with juvenile periodontitis, severe periodontitis, and moderate periodontitis indicated that differences in the bacterial compositions of affected sites in these populations were not statistically significant. The subgingival flora of affected juvenile periodontitis sites was statistically significantly different from the adjacent supragingival flora and from the subgingival floras of people with healthy gingiva and of children with developing (experimental) gingivitis. However, the subgingival flora of affected juvenile periodontitis sites was not significantly different from the flora of sites with gingival index scores of 1 or 2 in adults with developing (experimental) gingivitis. Of 357 bacterial taxa among over 18,000 isolates, 54 non-treponemal species, 2 treponemal species, and mycoplasma were most associated with diseased periodontal sulci. These species comprised an increasing proportion of the flora during developing gingivitis and constituted over half of the cultivable flora of diseased sites.
Topics: Actinobacillus; Actinomycetales; Adolescent; Adult; Aggressive Periodontitis; Bacteria; Bacteroidaceae; Capnocytophaga; Child; Female; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Propionibacteriaceae; Streptococcus; Treponema
PubMed: 3988344
DOI: 10.1128/iai.48.2.507-519.1985 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jan 2022Previous cross-sectional studies have shown that skin microbiomes in adults are distinct from those in children. However, the human skin microbiome in individuals as...
Previous cross-sectional studies have shown that skin microbiomes in adults are distinct from those in children. However, the human skin microbiome in individuals as they sexually mature has not been studied as extensively. We performed a prospective, longitudinal study to investigate the puberty-associated shifts in skin microbiota. A total of 12 healthy children were evaluated every 6-18 months for up to 6 years. Using 16S ribosomal RNA (V1-V3) and internal transcribed spacer 1 amplicon sequencing analyzed with Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm 2, we characterized the bacterial and fungal communities of five different skin and nares sites. We identified significant alterations in the composition of skin microbial communities, transitioning toward a more adult microbiome, during puberty. The microbial shifts were associated with Tanner stages (classification method for the degree of sexual maturation) and showed noticeable sex-specific differences. Over time, female children demonstrated a predominance of Cutibacterium with decreasing diversity. Among fungi, Malassezia predominated at most skin sites in more sexually mature subjects, which was more pronounced in female children. The higher relative abundances of these lipophilic taxa-C. acnes and M. restricta-were strongly associated with serum sex hormone concentrations with known influence on sebaceous gland activity. Taken together, our results support the relationship between sexual maturation, skin physiology, and the skin microbiome.
Topics: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Infant; Malassezia; Male; Microbiota; Propionibacteriaceae; Prospective Studies; Puberty; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sebaceous Glands; Sex Characteristics; Skin
PubMed: 34252398
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.034 -
Journal of Dairy Science Oct 2020The objective of this work was to determine the effect of milk bactofugation on the counts and microbial diversity of mesophilic (MT), psychrotrophic (PT), and...
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of milk bactofugation on the counts and microbial diversity of mesophilic (MT), psychrotrophic (PT), and thermophilic (TT) thermoduric bacteria and its potential as a technological method to remove spoilage microorganisms resistant to pasteurization. Different batches of raw milk from 69 dairy farms divided into sets in 3 bulk tanks (A, B, C) were evaluated at different times during the technological process. As the raw milk was preheated (∼55°C) immediately before bactofugation (10,000 × g), the effect of bactofugation was estimated by comparing the counts in raw, preheated, and bactofuged milk. This centrifugation was sufficient to reduce the isolation of 88% of the MT in preheated milk. For PT, it was possible to verify a reduction of 72.5% in batch C. The TT were not recovered at higher detection limits (<5 cfu/mL). For diversity, 310 isolates were identified using a molecular approach; 15 species of contaminating thermoduric bacteria were identified from raw and preheated milk, and only 6 species were recovered in bactofuged milk. Only MT were recovered from the bactofuged milk, mainly the species Lysinibacillus fusiformis (61.7%) and Bacillus licheniformis (12.3%). Both species are known to be endospore-forming psychrotrophs and have proteolytic or lipolytic activity. The bactofugation of raw milk reduced the number of isolates of B. licheniformis, Bacillus toyonensis, Micrococcus aloeverae, and Aestuariimicrobium kwangyangense by 33, 43, 86, and 92%, respectively, and reduced the isolates of Macrococcus caseolyticus, Lysinibacillus varians, Carnobacterium divergens, Microbacterium hominis, Kocuria indica, Micrococcus yunnanensis, Gordonia paraffinivorans, Bacillus invictae, and Kocuria kristinae to undetectable levels. The results of this study indicate that bactofugation can be applied by the dairy industry to reduce pasteurization-resistant microorganisms in combination with prophylactic measures to prevent the contamination of raw milk by spores and vegetative forms of bacteria.
Topics: Actinobacteria; Animals; Bacillaceae; Bacillus; Bacteria, Thermoduric; Carnobacterium; Centrifugation; Micrococcaceae; Micrococcus; Milk; Propionibacteriaceae; Staphylococcaceae
PubMed: 32828509
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18591