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Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection in humans and an important cause of food-borne outbreaks in Europe. The...
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection in humans and an important cause of food-borne outbreaks in Europe. The use of antimicrobial agents for animals, plants, and food production contributes to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains that are transmissible to humans through food. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and the potential dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains isolated in the Marche Region (Central Italy) via the food chain. Strains were isolated from different sources: food, human, food animal/livestock, and the food-processing environment. Among them, we selected MDR strains to perform their further characterization in terms of resistance to tetracycline agent, carriage of genes, and plasmid profiles. Tetracycline resistance genes were detected by PCR and plasmid replicons by PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT). A total of 102 MDR strains were selected among the most prevalent serovars: . Infantis (n = 36/102), . Derby (n = 20/102), . Typhimurium (n = 18/102), and a monophasic variant of . Typhimurium (MVST, n = 28/102). Resistance to sulfisoxazole (86%) and tetracycline (81%) were the most common, followed by ampicillin (76%). FIIS was the most predominant replicon (17%), followed by FII (11%) and FIB (11%) belonging to the IncF incompatibility group. Concerning the characterization of genes, B was the most frequently detected (27/89), followed by A (10/89), G (5/89), and M (1/89). This study showed the potential risk associated with the MDR strains circulating along the food chain. Hence, epidemiological surveillance supported by molecular typing could be a very useful tool to prevent transmission of resistant from food to humans, in line with the One Health approach.
PubMed: 35740132
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060725 -
Heliyon Aug 2020The present study is aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of three series of hydroxytriazenes based on sulfa drugs viz;...
The present study is aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of three series of hydroxytriazenes based on sulfa drugs viz; Sulphathiazole (ST), Sulfisoxazole (SF) and Sulphamethoxazole (SM). Antidiabetic activities of the synthesized hydroxytriazenes were investigated by α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition method and IC values were recorded. The compounds presented significant α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition effect with IC values ranging from 122 to 341 μg/mL. Anti-inflammatory activity was also investigated by carrageenan-induced paw edema (CPE) method, where % inhibition was up to 89% after 4 h of treatment and antioxidant properties of the similar compounds were assessed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Antioxidant capacity of all the hydroxytriazenes detected by ABTS assay, was significantly higher as compared to DPPH assay. The hydroxytriazenes having highest antioxidant capacity presented IC values for compound ST-1 and ST-6 are 488 μg/mL for DPPH, 54.12 μg/mL for ABTS and 858.5 μg/mL for DPPH, 48.0 μg/mL for ABTS, respectively. These results suggested that ABTS assay may be more useful than DPPH assay for synthetic antioxidants. The findings from the molecular docking experiments may also expand the formation of new potent sulpha drugs based hydroxytriazenes targeting towards the subunit of C-terminal of human maltase-glucoamylase for the treatment of diabetes metabolic disorder. Overall, highlight the multifunctional role of hydroxytriazenes as antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
PubMed: 32913908
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04787 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Salmonella is estimated to cause over a million infections and ~400 deaths annually in the U.S. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana strains (n = 409) that predominantly...
Salmonella is estimated to cause over a million infections and ~400 deaths annually in the U.S. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana strains (n = 409) that predominantly originated from the State of Arkansas over a six-year period (2003 to 2008) were studied. This period coincided with a rapid rise in the incidence of S. Javiana infections in the U.S. Children under the age of 10 displayed the highest prevalence of S. Javiana infections, regardless of sex or year of detection. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 different antimicrobials was assessed and 92% (n = 375) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials. Approximately 89% of the isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole alone and 3% (n = 11) were resistant to different antimicrobials, including gentamicin, ciprofloxacin or ceftiofur. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses assessed the genotypic diversity and distribution of S. Javiana strains using XbaI restriction. Nine major clusters were identified and isolates from each group were digested with the restriction enzyme AvrII. Isolates with identical profiles of XbaI and AvrII were found to be disseminated in human populations. These distinct “types” of S. Javiana were persistent in human populations for multiple years. A subset of isolates (n = 19) with unique resistance phenotypes underwent plasmid and incompatibility (Inc) type analyses and the isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial harbored multiple plasmids (<3 to 165 kb). Furthermore, these strains possessed 14 virulence genes, including pagC, cdtB, and iroN. The whole genome sequences (WGS) of 18 isolates that mostly originated from Arkansas from 2003 to 2011 were compared with isolates collected from different areas in the U.S. in 1999, indicating the perseverance of S. Javiana in disseminating antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.
PubMed: 36297250
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101192 -
Poultry Science Jan 2022One hundred and twenty chicken samples from feces (n = 80), the carcass surface at slaughter at 2 meat chicken farms (n = 20), and retail chicken meat from 5 markets...
Prevalence of qnrS-positive Escherichia coli from chicken in Thailand and possible co-selection of isolates with plasmids carrying qnrS and trimethoprim-resistance genes under farm use of trimethoprim.
One hundred and twenty chicken samples from feces (n = 80), the carcass surface at slaughter at 2 meat chicken farms (n = 20), and retail chicken meat from 5 markets (n = 20) collected during 2018 and 2019 were examined for the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) in Escherichia coli. We detected qnrS-positive E. coli in a total of 74 samples from feces (n = 59), the carcass surface (n = 7), and retail meat (n = 8). These 74 qnrS-positive isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of certain antimicrobials and genetically characterized. Ampicillin-resistance accounted for 71 of the 74 isolates (96%), followed by resistance to oxytetracycline (57/74; 77%), enrofloxacin (ERFX) (56/74; 76%), sulfisoxazole (SUL) (56/74; 76%), trimethoprim (TMP) (49/74; 66%), and dihydrostreptomycin (48/74; 65%). All farm-borne SUL- and TMP-resistant isolates except one were obtained from samples from farm A where a combination of sulfadiazine and TMP was administered to the chickens. Concentrations of ERFX at which 50 and 90% of isolates were inhibited were 2 μg/mL and 32 μg/mL, respectively. Diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of XbaI-digested genomic DNA were observed in the qnrS-positive isolates from fecal samples. Several isolates from feces and the carcass surface had identical XbaI-digested PFGE patterns. S1-nuclease PFGE and Southern blot analysis demonstrated that 7 of 11 dfrA13-positive fecal isolates carried both the qnrS and dfrA13 genes on the same plasmid, and 2 of 3 dfrA1-positive isolates similarly carried both qnrS and dfrA1 on the same plasmid, although the PFGE patterns of XbaI-digested genomic DNA of the isolates were different. These results suggest that the qnrS gene is prevalent in chicken farms via horizontal transfer of plasmids and may partly be co-selected under the use of TMP.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Farms; Plasmids; Prevalence; Thailand; Trimethoprim
PubMed: 34788713
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101538 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Apr 2023Several studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized horses, but studies conducted on...
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from equids sampled in the NAHMS 2015-16 equine study and association of management factors with resistance.
Several studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized horses, but studies conducted on community-based populations of equids are limited. The factors associated with AMR in these bacteria in the general horse population are not well understood. The primary objective of our study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella and describe antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and E. coli from equids across the United States. The second objective was to identify associations between health management and biosecurity practices and AMR. Fecal samples submitted from 1357 equids on 199 operations were tested for Salmonella, identifying 27 positive samples with 29 isolates belonging to 18 serotypes. Fecal sample and operation-level prevalence of Salmonella was 2.0% (27/1357) and 7.0% (14/199), respectively. Most (25/29) isolates were pan-susceptible while four isolates exhibited resistance, three of which were multidrug resistant. Of the 721 samples cultured for E. coli, 85% (613/721) were positive. Eighty-six percent of the E. coli isolates recovered were pan-susceptible (529/612). Ten isolates were intermediate to one antimicrobial drug and susceptible to all others. Seventy-three E. coli isolates (11.9%, SE=1.3) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, corresponding to a 33.0% (64/194) operation-level prevalence. Resistance to sulfonamide drugs was most common with 63 isolates (10.3%) resistant to sulfisoxazole, 57 of which (9.3%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. MDR in E. coli was rare (1.8%, SE=0.5). Univariate and multivariable regression were used to evaluate associations between health management and biosecurity questionnaire items and AMR in E. coli. The outcome modeled was resistance to any of the 14 tested antimicrobials. Depending on the operation type, operations with greater than 20 resident equids were significantly associated with resistance. In addition, performance operations were significantly associated with resistance when compared to farm/ranch operations. Operations with feed containers that prevent fecal contamination and those that had treated any equids for illness or injury were associated with a lower AMR. The study results suggest that equids in the general population appear to pose low risk of shedding antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella and E. coli, and therefore low transmission potential to other equids, animals, humans, or the environment. However, it is prudent to practice good hand hygiene to prevent spread of Salmonella as well as AMR, and to protect both animal and human health. Despite study limitations, potential management factors that may influence prevalence and prevent spread of AMR shed by equids were identified.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Humans; Escherichia coli; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Salmonella; Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial
PubMed: 36773374
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105857 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Feb 2024To examine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal fecal from extensively managed beef calves and cows in western Canada and describe the differences among cows and...
OBJECTIVE
To examine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal fecal from extensively managed beef calves and cows in western Canada and describe the differences among cows and calves in the spring and fall.
ANIMAL
Beef cattle, cow-calf.
PROCEDURE
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on generic isolates collected from 388 calves and 387 cows from 39 herds following calving in 2021, 419 calves from 39 herds near weaning, and 357 cows from 36 herds at pregnancy testing. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were measured with the NARMS CMV5AGNF plate for Gram-negative bacteria and interpreted using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standard breakpoints for humans.
RESULTS
Only 16% (242/1551) of all isolates from 97% (38/39) of herds were resistant to ≥ 1 antimicrobial. Generic isolates were most commonly resistant to sulfisoxazole (11%, 175/1551), followed by tetracycline (9.3%, 145/1551) and chloramphenicol (3.5%, 55/1551). Isolates from calves in the spring were more likely to be resistant to sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol than those from cows in the spring or calves in the fall. Multiclass-resistant isolates were identified in 5% (39/807) of calves. Only 2 isolates recovered from cows were resistant to antimicrobials of very high importance for human health.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Most generic isolates were pansusceptible. The observed resistance patterns were consistent with earlier studies of AMR from commensal in this region. Baseline AMR data for cow-calf herds are not currently collected as part of routine surveillance, but are essential to inform antimicrobial use policy and stewardship.
Topics: Female; Humans; Animals; Cattle; Escherichia coli; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli Infections; Sulfisoxazole; Canada; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Cattle Diseases; Anti-Infective Agents; Chloramphenicol; Tetracycline
PubMed: 38304484
DOI: No ID Found -
Gut Pathogens 2016Diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children less than 5 years of age worldwide, and its causes vary by region. This study aimed to...
BACKGROUND
Diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children less than 5 years of age worldwide, and its causes vary by region. This study aimed to determine the etiologic spectrum, prevalent characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of common enteropathogenic bacteria from diarrheagenic children in Beijing, the capital of China.
METHODS
Stool samples were collected from 2524 outpatients who were aged 0-5 years in Beijing, China during 2010-2014. Microbiological methods, real-time PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility test were used to identify the bacterial causes and antimicrobial resistance patterns in the isolates.
RESULTS
Of the 2524 patients screened, we identified the causes of 269 cases (10.7 %) as follows: diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (4.6 %), Salmonella (4.3 %), Shigella (1.4 %) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (0.4 %). Atypical EPEC, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella sonnei and serotype O3:K6 were the most common serogroups or serotypes of the four etiological bacteria. The prevalence of pathogens was correlated with age, season and clinical symptoms. The highest proportion of all causative bacteria was found in children aged 3-5 years and in summer. The clinical symptoms associated with specific bacterial infection, such as fever; abdominal pain; vomiting; and watery, mucus, and bloody stool, were observed frequently in diarrheal patients. Salmonella showed moderate rates of resistance (40-60 %) to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin and sulfisoxazole. Resistance to at least three antimicrobials was found in 50 % of isolates. Of the top three serotypes in Salmonella, high-level antimicrobial resistance to single and multiple antibiotics was more common among Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella 1, 4, [5], 12:i:- than among S. enteritidis. More than 90 % of Shigella isolates showed more alarming resistance to most antibiotics, with a widened spectrum compared to Salmonella.
CONCLUSION
Constant antibiotic surveillance is warranted because the bacteria were highly resistant to various antimicrobials. Our study contributes to the strengthening of the existing surveillance system and provides aid for effective prevention and control strategies for childhood diarrhea.
PubMed: 27303446
DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0116-2 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2019Pickled ready-to-eat meat (PRTEM) is a meat product that is treated with various seasonings and then cooked. PRTEM is a popular food consumed mostly in China and some...
Pickled ready-to-eat meat (PRTEM) is a meat product that is treated with various seasonings and then cooked. PRTEM is a popular food consumed mostly in China and some Asian countries. Since this food is considered 'ready to eat', once it is contaminated by foodborne pathogens such as , the prospect for significant morbidity, mortality, and immeasurable economic losses can occur. Here we investigated the prevalence and concentration of in 107 PRTEM samples collected from Shaanxi, China during 2015-2016. Furthermore, we analyzed the serotype, antibiotic susceptibility, and presence of antibiotic resistance genes and amino acid mutations in 219 isolates, followed by subtyping of 115 representative isolates. The average detection rate of -positive PRTEM was 58.9%, and the average most probable number (MPN) of in positive samples was 2.27 logMPN per gram of sample (range: 2.10-2.43). Ten serotypes were identified from the 219 isolates, with Thompson (37.9%) and . Indiana (20.5%) being predominant. The remaining serotypes were . Typhi (7.8%), . Typhimurium (7.3%), . Mbandaka (6.9%), . Albany (6.4%), . Blockley (5.5%), . Infantis (4.1%), . Escanaba (3.2%), and . Dusseldorf (0.5%). All isolates were resistant to ceftiofur (100%), while most of them were resistant to ciprofloxacin (99.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (97.7%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (96.4%), ampicillin (92.3%), sulfisoxazole (92.2%), tetracyclines (90.4%), and nalidixic acid (90.4%), respectively. A single mutation of Ser83Phe (27.1%) and double mutations of Ser83Phe-Asp87Gly (25.9%) in GyrA were detected in 85 isolates, whereas mutations of Thr57Ser (63.9%) and Ser80Arg (36.1%) in ParC were detected in 122 isolates. B, AB, , and A were present in 50 (22.8%), 48 (21.9%), 26 (11.9%), and 1 (0.5%) isolate(s), respectively. Pulse field gel electrophoresis results revealed that those isolates recovered from the same type of PRTEM or the same sampling place shared identical or similar DNA profiles, antibiotic resistance phenotypes, and even plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance encoding genes. The findings indicate that is commonly prevalent in PRTEMs at high concentrations in Shaanxi, China. More attention should be paid to the processing and storage of this ready-to-eat food to prevent bacterial contamination and foodborne outbreaks.
PubMed: 31781073
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02577 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Oct 1974A case is described of bacterial endocarditis caused by Lancefield group D Streptococcus bovis. Because of its sensitivity to the less toxic antibiotics such as...
A case is described of bacterial endocarditis caused by Lancefield group D Streptococcus bovis. Because of its sensitivity to the less toxic antibiotics such as penicillin, the importance of laboratory differentiation from the more resistant enterococci is emphasized. Treatment in this case was complicated by penicillin allergy and cardiac failure. The condition finally responded to clindamycin therapy and aortic valve replacement.
Topics: Aortic Valve Insufficiency; Clindamycin; Diabetes Complications; Drug Hypersensitivity; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Penicillin G; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Sulfisoxazole; Vancomycin
PubMed: 4415908
DOI: No ID Found -
Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Isolate from Wild Boars.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021() is a very important zoonosis andwild boars play a pivotal role in its transmission. In the last decade, the wild boar population has undergone a strong increase that...
() is a very important zoonosis andwild boars play a pivotal role in its transmission. In the last decade, the wild boar population has undergone a strong increase that haspushed them towards urbanized areas, facilitating the human-wildlife interface and the spread of infectious diseases from wildlife to domestic animals and humans. Therefore, it is important to know the serotype, antimicrobial resistance and presence of pathogenicity genes of () isolated in species. From 2013 to 2018, we analyzed the liver of 4890 wild boars hunted in Liguria region; we isolated and serotyped 126 positive samples. A decisive role in the pathogenicity is given by the presence of virulence genes; in isolated we found (~70%), (45.2%), (43.6%) and (~20%). Moreover, we evaluated the susceptibility at various antimicrobic agents (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfisoxazole, Ceftiofur and Tetracycline). The antibiotic resistance was analyzed, and we found a time-dependent increase. It is important to shed light on the role of the wild boars as a reserve of potentially dangerous diseases for humans, and also on the antibiotic resistance that represents a public health problem.
PubMed: 33801613
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040398