-
Veterinary World Sep 2017Wild birds are considered silent vectors of some zoonotic water and food borne pathogens of public health significance. Owing to the importance of Shiga toxin producing...
AIM
Wild birds are considered silent vectors of some zoonotic water and food borne pathogens of public health significance. Owing to the importance of Shiga toxin producing (STEC) as the most pathogenic among the emerging diarrheagenic groups that can infect man; the present study was designed to detect the occurrence of STEC among wild birds in Egypt.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 177 intestinal content swab samples originating from five wild bird species were investigated for the presence of and STEC by standard culture methods. Suspect STEC isolates were further characterized by serotyping, random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD PCR), antimicrobial resistance pattern and PCR detection of , , and genes.
RESULTS
A total of 30 suspect STEC isolates from 30 positive birds' samples were detected and identified on STEC CHROMagar (semi-captive pigeons, 15; house crows, 8; cattle egrets, 3; moorhens, 2; and house teals, 2). 25 isolates were grouped into 13 serogroups (O:20, O:25, O:26, O:27, O:63, O:78, O:111, O:114, O:125, O:128, O:142, O:153, and O:158), while five were rough strains. The distribution of STEC virulence genes among wild birds was as follows: 16 birds carried gene only (nine pigeons [28.1%], six crows [7.1%], and one cattle egret [5.6%]). and genes together were detected in four birds (one cattle egret [5.6%], two moorhens [6.1%], and one house teal, [10%]). Only one pigeon (3.1%) possessed the three alleles. Disk diffusion test results showed that cefixime was the most effective against STEC serotypes with (93.3%) sensitivity, followed by gentamycin (56.7%), and amoxicillin (50%). On the other hand, all the recovered STEC isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, doxycycline, cephalothin, and sulfisoxazole. RAPD fingerprinting using primers OPA-2 and OPA-9 showed that STEC isolates were heterogeneous; they yielded 30 and 27 different clusters, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Wild birds carry STEC and may add to the contamination of the surrounding environment.
PubMed: 29062203
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1118-1128 -
Veterinaria Italiana Dec 2021Salmonellosis is currently the second most common zoonosis in European Union but in the 6-years periods, between 2012 and 2017, there has been a significant decrease...
Salmonellosis is currently the second most common zoonosis in European Union but in the 6-years periods, between 2012 and 2017, there has been a significant decrease trend in the yearly number of infections caused by Salmonella. In Italy, S. Typhimurium and monophasic S. Typhimurium represent the most prevalent serotypes. In this paper, we investigated these two serovars isolated from 2012 to 2017 in Abruzzo and Molise regions. A set of 345 strains isolated from human sporadic cases, surface water, food and animals were collected and analyzed. Monophasic S. Typhimurium strains were found to be resistant to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, ampicillin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid, while S. Typhimurium isolates showed high levels of resistance to tetracycline, sulfisoxazole and ampicillin. The 5-loci Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) identified 88 genotypes (GT), six of which were common for the two serovars. Several MLVA profiles were shared by human and non-human isolates. MLVA had sufficient typing resolution for epidemiological studies of S. Typhimurium but demonstrated poor discriminatory in trace-back study of monophasic S. Typhimurium.
Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Italy; Salmonella typhimurium; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracyclines
PubMed: 35593494
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.2060.12083.1 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Aug 1990The activities of clarithromycin, sulfisoxazole, and rifabutin against three virulent strains of Mycobacterium avium complex isolated from patients with acquired... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The activities of clarithromycin, sulfisoxazole, and rifabutin against three virulent strains of Mycobacterium avium complex isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were evaluated in a model of intracellular infection. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were infected at day 6 of culture with M. avium complex. Intracellular bacteria were counted 60 min after inoculation. Extra- and intracellular bacteria were counted at days 4 and 7 after inoculation. The concentrations used were 4 micrograms of clarithromycin per ml (MICs for the three strains, 4, 4, and 4 micrograms/ml), 50 micrograms of sulfisoxazole per ml (MICs, 50, 25, and 25 micrograms/ml), and 0.5 micrograms of rifabutin per ml (MICs, 2, 0.5, and 0.5 micrograms/ml). Compared with controls, clarithromycin and rifabutin slowed the intracellular replication of the three strains (at day 7 after inoculation, P was less than 0.01 for the first strain and less than 0.001 for the two others). Sulfisoxazole was ineffective against the three strains. Clarithromycin was as effective as rifabutin. Clarithromycin plus rifabutin was as effective as each single agent. Clarithromycin plus sulfisoxazole was as effective as clarithromycin alone.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clarithromycin; Colony Count, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Macrophages; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Rifabutin; Rifamycins; Sulfisoxazole
PubMed: 2171421
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.34.8.1508 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023This study investigated genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, phylogenic relatedness, plasmid and virulence composition of 39 strains isolated...
This study investigated genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, phylogenic relatedness, plasmid and virulence composition of 39 strains isolated from chicken meat samples using whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology. Four distinct serotypes were identified; Minnesota (16/39, 41%), Infantis (13/39, 33.3%), Enteritidis (9/39, 23.1%), and one isolate was detected for Kentucky (1/39, 2.6%), with sequence types (STs) as followed: ST548, ST32, ST11, and ST198, respectively. Phenotypic resistance to tetracycline (91.2%), ampicillin (82.4%), sulfisoxazole (64.7%), and nalidixic acid (61.6%) was the most observed. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes to aminoglycosides, β-lactamase, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, phenicol, lincosamide, macrolides, and tetracyclines. Plasmidome showed the presence of eight incompatibility groups, including IncA/C2, IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3, Col440I_1, IncR, IncX1, IncI1_1_Alpha, IncFIB(S)/IncFII(S), IncHI2/IncHI2A, IncX2 and ColpVC plasmids across the 39 genomes. Three resistance genes, and were predicted to be located on IncA/C2 plasmid in Minnesota isolates, whereas all Infantis isolates were positive to IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3 plasmid that carries gene. Eleven pathogenicity islands and up to 131 stress and/or virulence genes were identified in the evaluated genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed four phylogroups that were consistent with the identified ST profiles with a high level of inter-diversity between isolates. This is the first genomic characterization of isolates from retail chicken meat in Saudi Arabia using WGS technology. The availability of genomes from multiple geographic locations, including Saudi Arabia, would be highly beneficial in future source-tracking, especially during epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigations.
PubMed: 37065154
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1104164 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Developing a simple and efficient method for removing organic micropollutants from aqueous systems is crucial. The present study describes the preparation and...
Developing a simple and efficient method for removing organic micropollutants from aqueous systems is crucial. The present study describes the preparation and application, for the first time, of novel MXene-decorated bismuth ferrite nanocomposites (BiFeO/MXene) for the removal of six sulfonamides including sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfamerazine (SMZ), sulfamethazine (SMTZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMXZ) and sulfisoxazole (SXZ). The properties of BiFeO/MXene are enhanced by the presence of BiFeO nanoparticles, which provide a large surface area to facilitate the removal of sulfonamides. More importantly, BiFeO/MXene composites demonstrated remarkable sulfonamide adsorption capabilities compared to pristine MXene, which is due to the synergistic effect between BiFeO and MXene. The kinetics and isotherm models of sulfonamide adsorption on BiFeO/MXene are consistent with a pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir model. BiFeO/MXene had appreciable reusability after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Furthermore, BiFeO/MXene is stable and retains its original properties upon desorption. The present work provides an effective method for eliminating sulfonamides from water by exploiting the excellent texture properties of BiFeO/MXene.
Topics: Sulfonamides; Bismuth; Sulfanilamide; Water; Nanocomposites; Adsorption; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Kinetics
PubMed: 36838529
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041541 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2019Pickled ready-to-eat meat (PRTEM) is a meat product that is treated with various seasonings and then cooked. PRTEM is a popular food consumed mostly in China and some...
Pickled ready-to-eat meat (PRTEM) is a meat product that is treated with various seasonings and then cooked. PRTEM is a popular food consumed mostly in China and some Asian countries. Since this food is considered 'ready to eat', once it is contaminated by foodborne pathogens such as , the prospect for significant morbidity, mortality, and immeasurable economic losses can occur. Here we investigated the prevalence and concentration of in 107 PRTEM samples collected from Shaanxi, China during 2015-2016. Furthermore, we analyzed the serotype, antibiotic susceptibility, and presence of antibiotic resistance genes and amino acid mutations in 219 isolates, followed by subtyping of 115 representative isolates. The average detection rate of -positive PRTEM was 58.9%, and the average most probable number (MPN) of in positive samples was 2.27 logMPN per gram of sample (range: 2.10-2.43). Ten serotypes were identified from the 219 isolates, with Thompson (37.9%) and . Indiana (20.5%) being predominant. The remaining serotypes were . Typhi (7.8%), . Typhimurium (7.3%), . Mbandaka (6.9%), . Albany (6.4%), . Blockley (5.5%), . Infantis (4.1%), . Escanaba (3.2%), and . Dusseldorf (0.5%). All isolates were resistant to ceftiofur (100%), while most of them were resistant to ciprofloxacin (99.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (97.7%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (96.4%), ampicillin (92.3%), sulfisoxazole (92.2%), tetracyclines (90.4%), and nalidixic acid (90.4%), respectively. A single mutation of Ser83Phe (27.1%) and double mutations of Ser83Phe-Asp87Gly (25.9%) in GyrA were detected in 85 isolates, whereas mutations of Thr57Ser (63.9%) and Ser80Arg (36.1%) in ParC were detected in 122 isolates. B, AB, , and A were present in 50 (22.8%), 48 (21.9%), 26 (11.9%), and 1 (0.5%) isolate(s), respectively. Pulse field gel electrophoresis results revealed that those isolates recovered from the same type of PRTEM or the same sampling place shared identical or similar DNA profiles, antibiotic resistance phenotypes, and even plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance encoding genes. The findings indicate that is commonly prevalent in PRTEMs at high concentrations in Shaanxi, China. More attention should be paid to the processing and storage of this ready-to-eat food to prevent bacterial contamination and foodborne outbreaks.
PubMed: 31781073
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02577 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major concern worldwide. To evaluate the AMR of in aquaculture farms of Zhanjiang, China, a total of 90 samples from the...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major concern worldwide. To evaluate the AMR of in aquaculture farms of Zhanjiang, China, a total of 90 samples from the water, soil, and sediment of three aquaculture farms (farms I, II, and III) in Zhanjiang were collected, and 90 strains of were isolated for drug resistance analysis and AMR gene detection. The results indicated that the isolated 90 strains of have high resistance rates to penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, compound sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and rifampin (≥70%). Among these antimicrobial drugs, the resistance rate to rifampicin is as high as 100%. Among the isolated 90 strains of , all of them were resistant to more than two kinds of antimicrobial drugs, the number of strains resistant to nine kinds of drugs was the largest (19 strains), and the most resistant strain showed resistance to 16 kinds of antibacterial drugs. Regarding the AMR genes, among the three aquaculture farms, the most resistance genes were detected in farm II (28 species). The detection rate of , , , , and in 90 isolates of was high (≥50%). The detection rate of carbapenem-resistant genes, such as , , and , was relatively lower ( ≤ 30%), and the detection rate of was the lowest (0). At least four AMR genes were detected for each strain, and 15 AMR genes were detected at most. Among them, the number of strains that carried 10 AMR genes was the largest (15 strains). Finally, a correlation analysis found that the AMR genes including , , , and had a high correlation rate with drug resistance (≥50%). To summarize, the 90 strains of isolated from water, surrounding soil, and sediment samples showed resistance to multi-antimicrobial drugs and carried various antimicrobial resistance genes. Thus, it is essential to strengthen the rational use of antimicrobial drugs, especially the amide alcohol drugs, and control the AMR in the aquaculture industry of Zhanjiang, China.
PubMed: 35004933
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.806653 -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Jan 2018To characterize ICEApl2, an SXT-related integrative and conjugative element (ICE) found in a clinical isolate of the porcine pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae,...
Characterization of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae SXT-related integrative and conjugative element ICEApl2 and analysis of the encoded FloR protein: hydrophobic residues in transmembrane domains contribute dynamically to florfenicol and chloramphenicol efflux.
OBJECTIVES
To characterize ICEApl2, an SXT-related integrative and conjugative element (ICE) found in a clinical isolate of the porcine pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and analyse the functional nature of the encoded FloR.
METHODS
ICEApl2 was identified in the genome of A. pleuropneumoniae MIDG3553. Functional analysis was done using conjugal transfer experiments. MIDG3553 was tested for susceptibility to the antimicrobials for which resistance genes are present in ICEApl2. Lack of florfenicol/chloramphenicol resistance conferred by the encoded FloR protein was investigated by cloning and site-directed mutagenesis experiments in Escherichia coli.
RESULTS
ICEApl2 is 92660 bp and contains 89 genes. Comparative sequence analysis indicated that ICEApl2 is a member of the SXT/R391 ICE family. Conjugation experiments showed that, although ICEApl2 is capable of excision from the chromosome, it is not self-transmissible. ICEApl2 encodes the antimicrobial resistance genes floR, strAB, sul2 and dfrA1, and MIDG3553 is resistant to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim, but not florfenicol or chloramphenicol. Cloning and site-directed mutagenesis of the floR gene revealed the importance of the nature of the hydrophobic amino acid residues at positions 160 and 228 in FloR for determining resistance to florfenicol and chloramphenicol.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that the nature of hydrophobic residues at positions 160 and 228 of FloR contribute dynamically to specific efflux of florfenicol and chloramphenicol, although some differences in resistance levels may depend on the bacterial host species. This is also, to our knowledge, the first description of an SXT/R391 ICE in A. pleuropneumoniae or any member of the Pasteurellaceae.
Topics: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Biological Transport; Chloramphenicol; Conjugation, Genetic; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pneumonia; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thiamphenicol
PubMed: 29029160
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx342 -
Gut Pathogens 2016Diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children less than 5 years of age worldwide, and its causes vary by region. This study aimed to...
BACKGROUND
Diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children less than 5 years of age worldwide, and its causes vary by region. This study aimed to determine the etiologic spectrum, prevalent characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of common enteropathogenic bacteria from diarrheagenic children in Beijing, the capital of China.
METHODS
Stool samples were collected from 2524 outpatients who were aged 0-5 years in Beijing, China during 2010-2014. Microbiological methods, real-time PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility test were used to identify the bacterial causes and antimicrobial resistance patterns in the isolates.
RESULTS
Of the 2524 patients screened, we identified the causes of 269 cases (10.7 %) as follows: diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (4.6 %), Salmonella (4.3 %), Shigella (1.4 %) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (0.4 %). Atypical EPEC, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella sonnei and serotype O3:K6 were the most common serogroups or serotypes of the four etiological bacteria. The prevalence of pathogens was correlated with age, season and clinical symptoms. The highest proportion of all causative bacteria was found in children aged 3-5 years and in summer. The clinical symptoms associated with specific bacterial infection, such as fever; abdominal pain; vomiting; and watery, mucus, and bloody stool, were observed frequently in diarrheal patients. Salmonella showed moderate rates of resistance (40-60 %) to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin and sulfisoxazole. Resistance to at least three antimicrobials was found in 50 % of isolates. Of the top three serotypes in Salmonella, high-level antimicrobial resistance to single and multiple antibiotics was more common among Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella 1, 4, [5], 12:i:- than among S. enteritidis. More than 90 % of Shigella isolates showed more alarming resistance to most antibiotics, with a widened spectrum compared to Salmonella.
CONCLUSION
Constant antibiotic surveillance is warranted because the bacteria were highly resistant to various antimicrobials. Our study contributes to the strengthening of the existing surveillance system and provides aid for effective prevention and control strategies for childhood diarrhea.
PubMed: 27303446
DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0116-2 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Salmonella is estimated to cause over a million infections and ~400 deaths annually in the U.S. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana strains (n = 409) that predominantly...
Salmonella is estimated to cause over a million infections and ~400 deaths annually in the U.S. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana strains (n = 409) that predominantly originated from the State of Arkansas over a six-year period (2003 to 2008) were studied. This period coincided with a rapid rise in the incidence of S. Javiana infections in the U.S. Children under the age of 10 displayed the highest prevalence of S. Javiana infections, regardless of sex or year of detection. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 different antimicrobials was assessed and 92% (n = 375) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials. Approximately 89% of the isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole alone and 3% (n = 11) were resistant to different antimicrobials, including gentamicin, ciprofloxacin or ceftiofur. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses assessed the genotypic diversity and distribution of S. Javiana strains using XbaI restriction. Nine major clusters were identified and isolates from each group were digested with the restriction enzyme AvrII. Isolates with identical profiles of XbaI and AvrII were found to be disseminated in human populations. These distinct “types” of S. Javiana were persistent in human populations for multiple years. A subset of isolates (n = 19) with unique resistance phenotypes underwent plasmid and incompatibility (Inc) type analyses and the isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial harbored multiple plasmids (<3 to 165 kb). Furthermore, these strains possessed 14 virulence genes, including pagC, cdtB, and iroN. The whole genome sequences (WGS) of 18 isolates that mostly originated from Arkansas from 2003 to 2011 were compared with isolates collected from different areas in the U.S. in 1999, indicating the perseverance of S. Javiana in disseminating antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.
PubMed: 36297250
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101192