-
Frontiers in Microbiology 2019Using multiple antimicrobials in food animals may incubate genetically-linked multidrug-resistance (MDR) in enteric bacteria, which can contaminate meat at slaughter....
Using multiple antimicrobials in food animals may incubate genetically-linked multidrug-resistance (MDR) in enteric bacteria, which can contaminate meat at slaughter. The U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System tested 21,243 chicken-associated between 2004 and 2012 for resistance to 15 antimicrobials, resulting in >32,000 possible MDR patterns. We analyzed MDR patterns in this dataset with association rule mining, also called market-basket analysis. The association rules were pruned with four quality measures resulting in a <1% false-discovery rate. MDR rules were more stable across consecutive years than between slaughter and retail. Rules were decomposed into networks with antimicrobials as nodes and rules as edges. A strong subnetwork of beta-lactam resistance existed in each year and the beta-lactam resistances also had strong associations with sulfisoxazole, gentamicin, streptomycin and tetracycline resistances. The association rules concur with previously identified resistance patterns but provide significant flexibility for studying MDR in large datasets.
PubMed: 31031716
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00687 -
Journal of Food Protection Mar 2016Escherichia coli O157 (EcO157) infections can lead to serious disease and death in humans. Although the ecology of EcO157 is complex, ruminant animals serve as an...
Escherichia coli O157 (EcO157) infections can lead to serious disease and death in humans. Although the ecology of EcO157 is complex, ruminant animals serve as an important reservoir for human infection. Dairy cattle are unique because they may be a source of contamination for milk, meat, and manure-fertilized crops. Foodborne dairy pathogens such as EcO157 are of primary importance to public health. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex phenomenon that complicates the treatment of serious bacterial infections and is of increasing concern. In the face of recommended use restrictions for antimicrobial agents in livestock operations, current AMR patterns in known foodborne pathogens should be documented. The objective of this study was to document AMR patterns in EcO157 isolates from dairies in northern Colorado using antimicrobial agents commonly found on dairies and representative of medically important antimicrobial drug classes. Seventy-five EcO157 isolates were recovered from three dairies. Six isolates were resistant to at least 1 of the 10 tested antimicrobial agents: four were resistant to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline; one was resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline; and one was resistant to only tetracycline. All resistant isolates were from a single dairy. Overall, a low prevalence (8%) of AMR was observed among the 75 EcO157 isolates. No significant effects on AMR profiles due to virulence genes, parity, or previous antimicrobial treatments within the current lactation period were detected. The results of this study provide background information for future comparative studies investigating AMR trends. Future studies should include more participating farms and more samples and should control for potential confounding factors of AMR that may underlie individual farm variation.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cephalosporins; Colorado; Dairying; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Fluoroquinolones; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Milk; Penicillins; Red Meat; Sulfonamides; Tetracyclines; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 26939660
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-321 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) May 2020Contamination of retail foods with foodborne pathogens, particularly the antimicrobial resistant ones, poses a persistent threat to human health. There is a dearth of...
Contamination of retail foods with foodborne pathogens, particularly the antimicrobial resistant ones, poses a persistent threat to human health. There is a dearth of information about the overlapping () lineages circulating among retail foods and humans in Egypt. This study aimed to determine the clonal diversity of 120 isolates from diarrheic patients (n = 32), retail chicken carcasses (n = 61) and ground beef (n = 27) from Mansoura, Egypt using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Simpson's index of diversity was calculated to compare the results of both typing methods. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, genotypes and phylogrouping of the isolates were also determined. Higher frequencies of antimicrobial resistance were found among chicken isolates compared to beef and human isolates; regardless of isolate source, the predominant antimicrobial resistances were found against ampicillin (87/120, 72.5%), tetracycline and sulfisoxazole (82/120, 68.3%, each), and streptomycin (79/120, 65.8%). None of the isolates displayed resistance to meropenem. The prevalent genes detected were (64.2%), (62.5%), (56.7%), (53.3%), (50%), (48.3%) and (47.5%) corresponding with resistance phenotypes. Alarmingly, was detected in 63.9% (39/61) of chicken isolates. The majority of isolates from humans (90.6%), beef (81.5%) and chicken (70.5%) belonged to commensal phylogroups (A, B1, C). Using PFGE analysis, 16 out of 24 clusters (66.7%) contained isolates from different sources at a similarity level ≥75%. MLST results assigned isolates into 25, 19 and 13 sequence types (STs) from chicken, human and beef isolates, respectively. Six shared STs were identified including ST1011, ST156, ST48, ST224 (chicken and beef), ST10 (human and chicken) and ST226 (human and beef). Simpson's index of diversity was higher for MLST (0.98) than PFGE (0.94). In conclusion, the existence of common genetic determinants among isolates from retail foods and humans in Egypt as well as the circulation of shared STs indicates a possible epidemiological link with potential zoonotic hazards.
PubMed: 32397188
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050357 -
Journal of Food Protection May 2020Between 2002 and 2017, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) recovered 5,803 Salmonella isolates from retail meat samples of chicken parts,...
ABSTRACT
Between 2002 and 2017, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) recovered 5,803 Salmonella isolates from retail meat samples of chicken parts, ground turkey, pork chops, and ground beef collected in 21 states. NARMS tested these isolates for susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole), sulfisoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. To evaluate possible geographic differences in the prevalence and distribution of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, we used a chi-square test of association. We used the U.S. Department of Agriculture Office of Investigation, Enforcement and Audit map for the regional subdivisions. A significant association was found between region, Salmonella prevalence, and Salmonella resistance to all tested antimicrobials except cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. The Northeast region was the most influential contributor to overall prevalence and resistance to most of the antimicrobials tested, and Salmonella Typhimurium was the serotype driving these associations. Although this work did not elucidate the reasons for differences in prevalence and antimicrobial resistance for Salmonella Typhimurium strains in the Northeast, lack of certain resistance mechanisms in Salmonella strains from other regions was ruled out by analysis of 484 sequences from the 485 isolates resistant to ampicillin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Food Safety; Meat; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prevalence
PubMed: 31913707
DOI: 10.4315/JFP-19-549 -
Journal of Dairy Science Aug 2013Concurrent data on antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance are needed to contain antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria. The present study examined a herd-level...
Concurrent data on antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance are needed to contain antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria. The present study examined a herd-level association between AMU and AMR in Escherichia coli (n=394) and Klebsiella species (n=139) isolated from bovine intramammary infections and mastitis cases on 89 dairy farms in 4 regions of Canada [Alberta, Ontario, Québec, and Maritime Provinces (Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick)]. Antimicrobial use data were collected using inventory of empty antimicrobial containers and antimicrobial drug use rate was calculated to quantify herd-level AMU. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using Sensititre National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) gram-negative MIC plate (Trek Diagnostic Systems Inc., Cleveland, OH). Isolates were classified as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant. Intermediate and resistant category isolates were combined to form an AMR category, and multivariable logistic regression models were built to determine herd-level odds of AMR to tetracycline, ampicillin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination, sulfisoxazole, streptomycin and kanamycin in E. coli isolates. In the case of Klebsiella species isolates, logistic regression models were built for tetracycline and sulfisoxazole; however, no associations between AMU and AMR in Klebsiella species were observed. Ampicillin-intermediate or -resistant E. coli isolates were associated with herds that used intramammarily administered cloxacillin, penicillin-novobiocin combination, and cephapirin used for dry cow therapy [odds ratios (OR)=26, 32, and 189, respectively], and intramammary ceftiofur administered for lactating cow therapy and systemically administered penicillin (OR=162 and 2.7, respectively). Use of systemically administered penicillin on a dairy farm was associated with tetracycline and streptomycin-intermediate or -resistant E. coli isolates (OR=5.6 and 2.8, respectively). Use of cephapirin and cloxacillin administered intramammarily for dry cow therapy was associated with increasing odds of having at least 1 kanamycin-intermediate or -resistant E. coli isolate at a farm (OR=8.7 and 9.3, respectively). Use of systemically administered tetracycline and ceftiofur was associated with cefoxitin-intermediate or -resistant E. coli (OR=0.13 and 0.16, respectively); however, the odds of a dairy herd having at least 1 cefoxitin-intermediate or -resistant E. coli isolate due to systemically administered ceftiofur increased with increasing average herd parity (OR=3.1). Association between herd-level AMU and AMR in bovine mastitis coliforms was observed for certain antimicrobials. Differences in AMR between different barn types and geographical regions were not observed.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Canada; Cattle; Dairying; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Mastitis, Bovine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 23769367
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5713 -
Journal of Food Protection Dec 2020For over a decade, Salmonella contamination has increasingly led to outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with fresh produce. The use of untreated animal manures, or...
ABSTRACT
For over a decade, Salmonella contamination has increasingly led to outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with fresh produce. The use of untreated animal manures, or biological soil amendments of animal origin, to amend agricultural soils holds a risk of contamination from foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, concentration, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella in poultry litter from Florida farms. Litter pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus (P2O5), total potassium (K2O), moisture content, total solids, total ash, organic matter, and aerobic plate count (APC) were also measured. Litter samples (n = 54) were collected from 18 broiler farms across three seasons (spring, summer, and winter). Salmonella concentrations were enumerated using a most-probable-number (MPN) method, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. The prevalence of Salmonella in litter samples was 61.1%, with a geometric mean of 0.21 ± 20.7 MPN/g. Across all seasons, Salmonella concentrations were not influenced by the chemical, physical, or microbial properties measured. Recovered Salmonella isolates (n = 290) were grouped into serogroups O:4 (43.1%), O:7 (26.9%), O:8 (11.0%), O:1,3,10,19 (7.9%), and O:9,46 (7.2%). Serotyping Salmonella isolates (n = 47) resulted in 12 serotypes, with the most common being Typhimurium (27.7%), Kentucky (17.0%), Enteritidis (14.9%), and Mbandaka (14.9%). Antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline (29.8%), sulfisoxazole (23.4%), and streptomycin (14.9%) was observed. No isolates were resistant to more than two antimicrobial agents. This study provides valuable information for future risk assessments for the use of poultry litter as an untreated biological soil amendment of animal origin.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Florida; Kentucky; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry; Prevalence; Salmonella
PubMed: 32692820
DOI: 10.4315/JFP-20-215 -
Microorganisms Jun 2021Monitoring antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens in poultry is critical for food safety. We aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in isolated...
Determination of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Salmonella from Commercial Poultry as Influenced by Microbiological Culture and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods.
Monitoring antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens in poultry is critical for food safety. We aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in isolated from poultry samples as influenced by isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. isolates were cultured from a convenience sample of commercial broiler ceca with and without selective broth enrichment, and resistance phenotypes were determined for 14 antimicrobials using the Sensititre platform and a qualitative broth breakpoint assay. The broth breakpoint method reported higher resistance to chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, and the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, and lower resistance to streptomycin as compared to the Sensititre assay in trial one. Selective enrichment of samples containing in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth reported lowered detectable resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid, and meropenem, and increased resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline than direct-plating samples in trial one. Using matched isolates in trial two, the Sensititre assay reported higher resistance to chloramphenicol and gentamicin, and lower resistance to nalidixic acid as compared to the broth breakpoint method. These results suggest methodology is a critical consideration in the detection and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in isolates from poultry samples and could affect the accuracy of population or industry surveillance insights and intervention strategies.
PubMed: 34204397
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061319 -
ACS Omega Dec 2023The search for novel drug scaffolds that can improve effectiveness and safety through drug conjugates is a promising approach. Consequently, drug conjugates constitute a...
Exploring the Potential of New Benzamide-Acetamide Pharmacophore Containing Sulfonamide as Urease Inhibitors: Structure-Activity Relationship, Kinetics Mechanism, and In Silico Studies.
The search for novel drug scaffolds that can improve effectiveness and safety through drug conjugates is a promising approach. Consequently, drug conjugates constitute a dynamic field of study and advancement within medicinal chemistry. This research demonstrates the conjugation of diclofenac and mefenamic acid with sulfa drugs and their screening for urease inhibition. These conjugates' structural confirmation was performed using elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods, including IR, H NMR, and C NMR. Diclofenac conjugated with sulfanilamide (4), sulfacetamide (10), and mefenamic acid conjugated with sulfanilamide (12), and sulfamethoxazole (17) was found potent and demonstrated urease inhibition competitively, with IC (μM) values 3.59 ± 0.07, 5.49 ± 0.34, 7.92 ± 0.27, and 8.35 ± 0.26, respectively. Diclofenac conjugated with sulfathiazole (6), sulfamerazine (8), and sulfaguanidine (11), while mefenamic acid conjugated with sulfisoxazole (13), sulfathiazole (14), and sulfadiazine (15) exhibited a mixed mode of urease inhibition. The IC (μM) values were 16.19 ± 0.21, 9.50 ± 0.28, 4.35 ± 0.23, 15.86 ± 0.25, 14.80 ± 0.27, and 7.92 ± 0.27, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were employed to predict the binding pose of competitive inhibitors at the urease active site. These conjugates generated stable complexes with the urease protein observed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, where no conformational changes occurred throughout the simulations. These results highlight the potential for approved therapeutic molecule conjugates to give rise to new categories of pharmacological agents for urease inhibition. The structural similarity of sulfonamides with urea allows them to compete with urea for binding to the active site of the urease enzyme. Sulfonamides and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can interact hydrophobically with the active site of the urease enzyme, which may disturb its structure and catalytic activity. Therefore, these conjugates may be helpful in the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of a variety of illnesses in which the urease enzyme is involved.
PubMed: 38075833
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07275 -
BMC Veterinary Research Dec 2019Although keeping small poultry flocks is increasingly popular in Ontario, information on the antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria of such flocks is lacking....
BACKGROUND
Although keeping small poultry flocks is increasingly popular in Ontario, information on the antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria of such flocks is lacking. The current study was conducted on small poultry flocks in Ontario between October 2015 and September 2017, and samples were submitted on a voluntary basis to Ontario's Animal Health Laboratory. From each submission, a pooled cecal sample was obtained from all the birds of the same species from the same flock and tested for the presence of two common enteric pathogens, E. coli and Salmonella. Three different isolates from each E. coli-positive sample and one isolate from each Salmonella-positive sample were selected and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution technique.
RESULTS
A total of 433 fecal E. coli isolates (358 chicken, 27 turkey, 24 duck, and 24 game bird) and 5 Salmonella isolates (3 chicken, 1 turkey, and 1 duck) were recovered. One hundred and sixty-seven chicken, 5 turkey, 14 duck, and 15 game bird E. coli isolates were pan-susceptible. For E. coli, a moderate to high proportion of isolates were resistant to tetracycline (43% chicken, 81% turkey, 42% duck, and 38% game bird isolates), streptomycin (29% chicken, 37% turkey, and 33% game bird isolates), sulfonamides (17% chicken, 37% turkey, and 21% duck isolates), and ampicillin (16% chicken and 41% turkey isolates). Multidrug resistance was found in 37% of turkey, 20% of chicken, 13% of duck, and 8% of game bird E. coli isolates. Salmonella isolates were most frequently resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulfonamides. Resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, and quinolones was infrequent in both E. coli and Salmonella isolates. Cluster and correlation analyses identified streptomycin-tetracycline-sulfisoxazole-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as the most common resistance pattern in chicken E. coli isolates. Turkey E. coli isolates compared to all the other poultry species had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, and a higher multidrug resistance rate.
CONCLUSIONS
Escherichia coli isolates were frequently resistant to antimicrobials commonly used to treat poultry bacterial infections, which highlights the necessity of judicious antimicrobial use to limit the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Feces; Longitudinal Studies; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ontario; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Prospective Studies; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 31864357
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2187-z -
Journal of Food Protection Oct 2001Antimicrobial resistance levels were examined for 365 Salmonella isolates recovered from the lymph nodes (n = 224) and cecal contents (n = 141) of market-age swine at...
Antimicrobial resistance levels were examined for 365 Salmonella isolates recovered from the lymph nodes (n = 224) and cecal contents (n = 141) of market-age swine at slaughter. Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed by disk diffusion using 13 antibiotics common in the treatment of disease in human and veterinary medicine. Although none of the antibiotics tested were used subtherapeutically within the last 5 years on the farms sampled, resistance to chlortetracycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole was common. Penicillin G resistance was significantly more frequent (P = 0.03) and sulfisoxazole resistance was significantly less frequent (P < 0.01) in lymph node versus cecal isolates. Multidrug resistance was observed among 94.7% of the lymph node isolates and 93.5% of the cecal isolates. The most frequent multidrug resistance pattern included three antibiotics-penicillin G, streptomycin, and chlortetracycline. Isolates in somatic serogroup B, and more specifically, Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Schwarzengrund isolates, were often resistant to a greater number of antibiotics than were isolates in the other serogroups. Streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, ampicillin (lymph node isolates), and nitrofurantoin (cecal isolates) resistance levels differed significantly between somatic serogroups. The prevalence of penicillin G-, streptomycin-, and sulfisoxazole-resistant isolates differed significantly between serovars for both lymph node and cecal isolates. Results of this study suggest that a correlation exists between the somatic serogroup or serovar of a Salmonella isolate and its antimicrobial resistance status, which is specific to the antibiotic of interest and the source of the isolate (lymph node versus cecal contents).
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cecum; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Lymph Nodes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prevalence; Salmonella; Swine
PubMed: 11601696
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.10.1496