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Chest Oct 2016Cysts are commonly seen on CT scans of the lungs, and diagnosis can be challenging. Clinical and radiographic features combined with a multidisciplinary approach may... (Review)
Review
Cysts are commonly seen on CT scans of the lungs, and diagnosis can be challenging. Clinical and radiographic features combined with a multidisciplinary approach may help differentiate among various disease entities, allowing correct diagnosis. It is important to distinguish cysts from cavities because they each have distinct etiologies and associated clinical disorders. Conditions such as emphysema, and cystic bronchiectasis may also mimic cystic disease. A simplified classification of cysts is proposed. Cysts can occur in greater profusion in the subpleural areas, when they typically represent paraseptal emphysema, bullae, or honeycombing. Cysts that are present in the lung parenchyma but away from subpleural areas may be present without any other abnormalities on high-resolution CT scans. These are further categorized into solitary or multifocal/diffuse cysts. Solitary cysts may be incidentally discovered and may be an age related phenomenon or may be a remnant of prior trauma or infection. Multifocal/diffuse cysts can occur with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, tracheobronchial papillomatosis, or primary and metastatic cancers. Multifocal/diffuse cysts may be associated with nodules (lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, light-chain deposition disease, amyloidosis, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis) or with ground-glass opacities (Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and desquamative interstitial pneumonia). Using the results of the high-resolution CT scans as a starting point, and incorporating the patient's clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory findings, is likely to narrow the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions considerably.
Topics: Algorithms; Amyloidosis; Biopsy; Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome; Bronchial Neoplasms; Bronchiectasis; Cysts; Diagnosis, Differential; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell; Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Lung Neoplasms; Papilloma; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Pulmonary Emphysema; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tracheal Neoplasms
PubMed: 27180915
DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.04.026 -
Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery Mar 2018Stents and tubes to maintain the patency of the airways are commonly used for malignant obstruction and are occasionally employed in benign disease. Malignant airway...
Stents and tubes to maintain the patency of the airways are commonly used for malignant obstruction and are occasionally employed in benign disease. Malignant airway obstruction usually results from direct involvement of bronchogenic carcinoma, or by extension of carcinomas occurring in the esophagus or the thyroid. External compression from lymph nodes or metastatic disease from other organs can also cause central airway obstruction. Most malignant airway lesions are surgically inoperable due to advanced disease stage and require multimodality palliation, including stent placement. As with any other medical device, stents have significantly evolved over the last 50 years and deserve an in-depth understanding of their true capabilities and complications. Not every silicone stent is created equal and the same holds for metallic stents. Herein, we present an overview of the topic as well as some of the more practical and controversial issues surrounding airway stents. We also try to dispel the myths surrounding stent removal and their supposed use only in central airways. At the end, we come to the long-held conclusion that stents should not be used as first line treatment of choice, but after ruling out the possibility of curative surgical resection or repair.
PubMed: 29707506
DOI: 10.21037/acs.2018.03.08 -
Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt... Oct 2006Tracheal tumors are uncommon, making up only 0.2% of all respiratory malignancies in the United States. One consequence of this low incidence is that few centers... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Tracheal tumors are uncommon, making up only 0.2% of all respiratory malignancies in the United States. One consequence of this low incidence is that few centers accumulate meaningful experience. Another is the lack of awareness of effective therapy. Bronchial gland tumors demonstrate oncologic diversity and include benign, low-grade, and high-grade malignant tumors.
METHODS
We reviewed the present knowledge of bronchial gland tumors of the trachea, carina, and bronchi, including the epidemiology, presentation, evaluation, tumor types, and treatment options.
RESULTS
The malignant bronchial gland tumors, adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, are far more common than benign mucinous cystadenoma or pleomorphic adenoma. Complete resection of localized tumors has excellent long-term results in symptomatic benign tumors. The disease-free survival after resection of malignant tumors is limited by distant metastasis and regional disease, while local recurrence is uncommon. Postoperative mediastinal radiation is now accepted adjuvant therapy. Experience at our institute demonstrates a significant survival advantage for patients with complete resection compared to unresectable patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Expanding knowledge of diagnostic evaluation and surgical therapy can improve the long-term survival of patients with tracheobronchial gland tumors.
Topics: Bronchial Neoplasms; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Thoracic Surgical Procedures; Tracheal Neoplasms; United States
PubMed: 17075566
DOI: 10.1177/107327480601300406 -
Thorax Jul 1993
Topics: Humans; Tracheal Neoplasms
PubMed: 8153911
DOI: 10.1136/thx.48.7.681 -
Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 2020Tracheobronchial masses encompass a broad spectrum of entities, ranging from benign and malignant neoplasms to infectious and inflammatory processes. This article... (Review)
Review
Tracheobronchial masses encompass a broad spectrum of entities, ranging from benign and malignant neoplasms to infectious and inflammatory processes. This article reviews the cross-sectional findings of tracheal tumors and tumor-like entities, correlates imaging findings with histologic pathology, and discusses pearls and pitfalls in accurately diagnosing and classifying tracheal tumors and mimics.
Topics: Bronchial Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Tracheal Neoplasms
PubMed: 31076268
DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2019.04.003 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Apr 2019The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to develop evidence-based, universally available surgical pathology... (Review)
Review
Data Set for the Reporting of Carcinomas of the Hypopharynx, Larynx, and Trachea: Explanations and Recommendations of the Guidelines From the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting.
The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to develop evidence-based, universally available surgical pathology reporting data sets. Standardized pathologic reporting for cancers facilitates improved communication for patient care and prognosis and the comparison of data between countries to progressively improve clinical outcomes. Laryngeal cancers are often accompanied by significant morbidity, although surgical advances (such as transoral endoscopic laser microresection and transoral robotic surgery) provide new alternatives. The anatomy of the larynx is complex, with an understanding of the exact anatomic sites and subsites, along with recognizing anatomic landmarks, being crucial to classification and prognostication. This review outlines the data set developed for the histopathology reporting in Carcinomas of the Hypopharynx, Larynx and Trachea and discusses the main elements required and recommended for reporting.
Topics: Datasets as Topic; Humans; Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Pathology, Clinical; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Research Design; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Tracheal Neoplasms
PubMed: 30500292
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0419-SA -
Journal of the American Veterinary... May 2017
Topics: Aging; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Male; Plasmacytoma; Tracheal Neoplasms
PubMed: 28414594
DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.9.993 -
Respiration; International Review of... 2019We describe an exceptionally rare case of a male patient with newly diagnosed advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, who presented with a plasmablastic... (Review)
Review
We describe an exceptionally rare case of a male patient with newly diagnosed advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, who presented with a plasmablastic lymphoma involving the right maxillary alveolar ridge with associated cervical lymphadenopathy. On a staging positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) scan, he was incidentally found to have an endotracheal tumour involving the anterolateral aspect of the mid-trachea. The tumour appeared to be well-vascularised at bronchoscopy and was confirmed as well-differentiated plasmablastic lymphoma. Plasmablastic lymphoma is a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is associated with HIV. Tracheal involvement to the extent seen in our patient is exceptionally rare, and, to the best of our knowledge, has never been described.
Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biopsy, Needle; Bronchoscopy; Combined Modality Therapy; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Staging; Plasmablastic Lymphoma; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Rare Diseases; Tracheal Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31634891
DOI: 10.1159/000503586 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians 1986
Topics: Bronchial Neoplasms; Humans; Laser Therapy; Tracheal Neoplasms
PubMed: 3096528
DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.36.6.376 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Primary tracheal tumors are rare, constituting approximately 0.1-0.4% of malignant diseases. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) account for... (Review)
Review
Primary tracheal tumors are rare, constituting approximately 0.1-0.4% of malignant diseases. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) account for about two-thirds of these tumors. Despite most primary tracheal cancers being eligible for surgery and/or radiotherapy, unresectable, recurrent and metastatic tumors may require systemic treatments. Unfortunately, the poor response to available chemotherapy as well as the lack of other real therapeutic alternatives affects the quality of life and outcome of patients suffering from more advanced disease. In this condition, target therapy against driver mutations could constitute an alternative to chemotherapy, and may help in disease control. The past two decades have seen extraordinary progress in developing novel target treatment options, shifting the treatment paradigm for several cancers such as lung cancer. The improvement of knowledge regarding the genetic and biological alterations, of major primary tracheal tumors, has opened up new treatment perspectives, suggesting the possible role of biological targeted therapies for the treatment of these rare tumors. The purpose of this review is to outline the state of knowledge regarding the molecular biology, and the preliminary data on target treatments of the main primary tracheal tumors, focusing on salivary-gland-derived cancers and squamous cell carcinoma.
Topics: Humans; Tracheal Neoplasms; Quality of Life; Salivary Glands; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Molecular Biology
PubMed: 37511133
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411370