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Veterinary World May 2020Macro- and micro-elements are required to ensure the normal course of biochemical processes in the development of an animal's body. Any excess, deficiency, or imbalance...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Macro- and micro-elements are required to ensure the normal course of biochemical processes in the development of an animal's body. Any excess, deficiency, or imbalance in chemical elements in an animal's body can cause the development of various latent or clinically expressed pathological conditions. Diselementosis in pregnant cows may lead to impaired embryo and fetal development, as well as reduced neonatal viability. The aim of this study was to analyze the content of macroelements and microelements in the blood serum of both calving cows and their calves to evaluate the relationship between indicators of mineral metabolism in the mother and newborn and to establish what role separate chemical elements play in making newborn calves more prone to bronchopneumonia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The content of potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Strontium (Sr), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and selenium (Se) in the blood serum of 33 pregnant cows between 239 and 262 days of gestation and their 33 1-day old calves was determined using the Shimadzu AA6300 (Japan) atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content was determined using ion-selective electrodes from the Olympus-400 analyzer (Beckman Coulter, USA). During the 1 month of life, all calves in the sample set had some sort of respiratory diseases and seven of the calves had bronchopneumonia. Retrospectively, the samples of adult and newborn animals were divided into two groups each: Dams I - cows whose calves had uncomplicated bronchitis (n=26); Dams II - cows whose calves got bronchopneumonia (n=7); and Newborns I - calves with uncomplicated bronchitis (n=26); Newborns II - calves with bronchopneumonia (n=7).
RESULTS
The content of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mo, and Se in dams in both groups of cows was within the reference range; the concentrations of Fe and Ni were higher than the reference range; and the concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Co, and Cr were lower than the reference range. There were no significant differences in elemental status between the Dams I and Dams II groups. In newborn calves, the concentration of Ca and Mo corresponded to the reference range; the concentrations of Mg, Fe, Co, and Ni in both groups exceeded the reference range; and the concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Cr, and Se were lower than the reference range. Results highlighted that there was a tendency to decrease concentration of Fe, Mo, and Se and a significant increase in the Ni concentration in calves of the Newborns II group compared with calves of the Newborns I group. It was also found that Zn, Co, Cr, and Mo actively accumulated in the body of newborn animals while the transplacental transfer of Cu, As, and Sr was limited; and transfer of Se and Ni was regulated by concentration ratios in the blood of the mother and the fetus. The excessive concentrations of Ni and Fe in the blood serum of cows and calves and the imbalance in the ratio of elements Fe-Cu-Zn, Fe-Cu-Co negatively affected erythropoiesis, formation of the immune system, and antioxidant status of the fetus and newborn. These changes were considered to be risk factors for the development of bronchopneumonia in calves.
CONCLUSION
An excess of serum Fe and Ni and deficiency of Cu, Zn, As, Co, and Cr in cows during the gestation period can lead to similar impairments of the mineral status in newborn calves. At the systemic level, dyslementosis in combination with the influence of other adverse factors, can lead to an increased load on the respiratory and hematopoietic systems of calves during postnatal adaptation and can subsequently cause a decrease in the natural resistance of calves and development of bronchopneumonia.
PubMed: 32636598
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.987-995 -
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine Apr 2024Although amyloid material in the heart is not infrequently encountered at autopsy it may on occasion be difficult to determine the significance in terms of possible... (Review)
Review
Although amyloid material in the heart is not infrequently encountered at autopsy it may on occasion be difficult to determine the significance in terms of possible contributions to the terminal mechanisms of death. A review was undertaken of the literature and of autopsy cases at Forensic Science SA over a 20-year-period (2003-2022) for all cases where significant amyloid material had been encountered on microscopy of the heart. Sixteen cases were found consisting of 11 cases where cardiac amyloid was involved in the lethal episode, and five where it was considered an incidental feature. Of the 11 lethal cases, there were three where cardiac amyloidosis was the cause of death, and eight where it was a contributing factor, along with ischaemic heart disease (N = 7) and bronchopneumonia (N = 1). The age range was 47-92 years, average 78.6 years, with a male to female ratio of 10:1. The weights of the hearts ranged from 496 to 1059 g - average 648 g. Of the five cases where it was considered an incidental finding, the causes of death were blunt head trauma (N = 2), small intestinal ischaemia (N = 2) and small intestinal obstruction (N = 1). The weights of the hearts ranged from 299 to 487 g, average 369 g. The most relevant types of amyloidosis in forensic cases tend to be light chain amyloidosis, senile cardiac amyloidosis and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy. Other forms of amyloidosis that affect the heart, which include reactive amyloidosis, haemodialysis-related amyloidosis and isolated atrial amyloidosis, either have minimal or no clinical significance, or are of uncertain significance. While it may be difficult to determine the prognostic significance of amyloid material at autopsy clinicopathological correlation may provide useful supportive information.
Topics: Humans; Amyloidosis; Forensic Pathology; Myocardium; Amyloid; Organ Size; Cardiomyopathies; Myocardial Ischemia; Bronchopneumonia; Incidental Findings; Male; Female; Aged; Middle Aged; Aged, 80 and over
PubMed: 38447343
DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102663 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Aug 2022Bacterial bronchopneumonia occurs in mature dairy cows but much of the information is extrapolated from knowledge of the disease in calves. The study was prompted by...
OBJECTIVE
Bacterial bronchopneumonia occurs in mature dairy cows but much of the information is extrapolated from knowledge of the disease in calves. The study was prompted by perceptions of an increasing occurrence and a paucity of information on fatal pneumonia in dairy cows in Ontario. The study objectives were to describe the seasonality, main pathogens involved, and suggested predisposing factors for cases of fatal bacterial bronchopneumonia in mature dairy cows submitted for postmortem examination to a diagnostic laboratory, and to evaluate if the frequency of such submissions has increased over time.
ANIMALS
Mature dairy cows.
PROCEDURE
Retrospective study of cases submitted for postmortem examination to a diagnostic laboratory from 2007-2020 that were diagnosed as bacterial bronchopneumonia.
RESULTS
Most of the postmortem cases of bacterial bronchopneumonia in dairy cows were submitted from November to February (54% of cases). was isolated from lung of 61/101 cases. Viruses were only identified in 8/55 cases tested. A minority (29/92) of bacterial isolates had resistance to antimicrobials used to treat pneumonia. Frequently suggested predisposing factors included recent introductions or movement of animals, recent or imminent calving, inclement weather, concurrent diseases, and poor ventilation in barns.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This study describes seasonal and annual trends, major pathogens, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and suggested predisposing factors in Ontario dairy cows submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for postmortem investigation of pneumonia and provides insights for understanding why outbreaks occur.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bronchopneumonia; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35919462
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Translational... 2021To analyze the expression levels of total serum interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-C in children with bronchopneumonia treated by methylprednisolone in...
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the expression levels of total serum interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-C in children with bronchopneumonia treated by methylprednisolone in combination with azithromycin.
METHODS
Eighty-three children with bronchopneumonia were randomly divided into a test group (TG) and a control group (CG). The TG was comprised of 40 children treated with methylprednisolone combined with azithromycin, whereas the CG was comprised of 43 patients who received methylprednisolone monotherapy. The post-treatment effective rates and occurrence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. In addition, the resolution times of symptoms such as fever, cough, moist rale, asthma, and shadow on the lung X-ray were recorded. The levels of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-C (TNF-C) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured after treatment. The quality of life was evaluated and compared based on the Medical Outcome Study (MOS) 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).
RESULTS
The total effective rate in the TG was significantly higher than that in the CG. The expression levels of TNF-C and IL-6 in the TG were significantly lower than those in the CG. The resolution times of the clinical symptoms were significantly shorter in the TG than in the CG. The ACT (Asthma Control Test) score in the TG was significantly lower than that in the CG. The TG presented with a significantly lower incidence of adverse reactions than that the CG.
CONCLUSION
The combined administration of methylprednisolone and antibiotics can effectively improve the levels of serum inflammatory factors and the clinical symptoms in children with bronchopneumonia.
PubMed: 34540066
DOI: No ID Found -
Cureus Nov 2022Tuberculosis (TB) and cancer are two of the most prevalent disease across the globe. Cases of lung cancer are increasing rapidly and have now reached almost epidemic...
Tuberculosis (TB) and cancer are two of the most prevalent disease across the globe. Cases of lung cancer are increasing rapidly and have now reached almost epidemic levels throughout the world. The two diseases share various radiological features and symptoms and coming to a diagnosis sometimes becomes challenging. In a situation like this, an invasive procedure to establish a diagnosis becomes necessary. We report a case of 35-year-old female presenting with cough and dyspnea, initially diagnosed as pulmonary bronchopneumonia and later found to have alveolar-cell carcinoma.
PubMed: 36514601
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31371 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jul 2019The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the endotoxin activity in plasma and that in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in bronchopneumonia....
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the endotoxin activity in plasma and that in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in bronchopneumonia. Thirty-three calves were included in this study (17 healthy calves and 16 calves with respiratory disease). In the calves with bronchopneumonia, the median endotoxin activity in plasma (0.437 EU/ml, P<0.001) and BALF (29.45 EU/ml, P<0.001) was significantly higher than in the control calves. Plasma endotoxin activity was significantly and positively correlated with that in BALF (r=0.900, P<0.001). Based on the receiver operating characteristics curves, we propose a diagnostic cutoff point for plasma endotoxin activity (0.104 EU/ml, AUC=0.914, P<0.001, Se 81.3% and Sp 82.4%) for identification of bronchopneumonia in calves which could die within a week.
Topics: Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchopneumonia; Case-Control Studies; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Endotoxins; Female; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma bovis; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 31189765
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0643 -
Veterinary Sciences Aug 2023Respiratory disease continues to be the major cause of mortality in feedyard cattle, with bronchopneumonia (BP) and acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) as the two most...
Respiratory disease continues to be the major cause of mortality in feedyard cattle, with bronchopneumonia (BP) and acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) as the two most common syndromes. Recent studies described a combination of these pathological lesions with the presence of AIP in the caudodorsal lungs and BP in the cranioventral lungs of necropsied cattle. This pulmonary pathology has been described as bronchopneumonia with an interstitial pneumonia (BIP). The epidemiological characteristics of BIP in U.S. feedyard cattle are yet to be described. This study's objectives were to describe the agreement between feedyard clinical and necropsy gross diagnosis and to characterize epidemiological factors associated with four gross pulmonary diagnoses (AIP, BIP, BP, and Normal pulmonary tissue) observed during feedyard cattle necropsies. Systemic necropsies were performed at six feedyards in U.S. high plains region, and gross pulmonary diagnoses were established. Historical data were added to the dataset, including sex, days on feed at death (DOFDEATH), arrival weight, treatment count, and feedyard diagnosis. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate epidemiological factors associated with the probability of each pulmonary pathology. Comparing feedyard clinical diagnosis with gross pathological diagnosis revealed relatively low agreement and the frequency of agreement varied by diagnosis. The likelihood of AIP at necropsy was higher for heifers than steers and in the 100-150 DOFDEATH category compared with the 0-50 DOFDEATH ( = 0.05). The likelihood of BIP increased after the first treatment, whereas the DOFDEATH 0-50 category had a lower likelihood compared with the 150-200 category ( = 0.05). These findings highlight the importance of necropsy for final diagnosis and can aid the development of future diagnosis and therapeutic protocols for pulmonary diseases.
PubMed: 37624309
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080522 -
The Israel Medical Association Journal... Jun 2006Community-acquired bronchopneumonia in children is frequently accompanied by extreme leukocytosis, whereas in adults with the same diagnosis a high leukocyte count is...
BACKGROUND
Community-acquired bronchopneumonia in children is frequently accompanied by extreme leukocytosis, whereas in adults with the same diagnosis a high leukocyte count is uncommon. Data regarding differences in the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines between children and adults are limited.
OBJECTIVES
To compare leukocyte counts and blood levels of various inflammatory cytokines in children and adults diagnosed with community-acquired bronchopneumonia.
METHODS
We prospectively evaluated all pediatric and adult patients admitted for bronchopneumonia based on clinical and chest X-ray findings. Blood was drawn for complete blood count and serum concentration of the following cytokines: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interleukins-6, 8 and 10, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor, as well as matrix metalloproteinase-9 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1.
RESULTS
There were 31 children and 32 adults. The patients in both groups had similar parameters of infection severity. None of them required admission to the Intensive Care Unit. Mean (+/- SD) leukocyte counts in the pediatric and adult groups were 21,018/mm3 (+/- 10,420) and 12,628/mm3 (+/- 6735) respectively (P = 0.02). Age was inversely correlated with leukocytes in the pediatric group (P = 0.0001). A significant inverse correlation was also found between age and platelet counts. Although cytokine levels in both groups were not significantly different, age was directly correlated with MMP-9 (P= 0.03), IL-8 (P= 0.03) and G-CSF (P= 0.014).
CONCLUSIONS
The immune response in community-acquired bronchopneumonia is, at least partly, age-dependent.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aging; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Child, Preschool; Community-Acquired Infections; Cytokines; Female; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Interferon-gamma; Interleukins; Leukocytes; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Middle Aged; Patient Admission; Prospective Studies; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 16833166
DOI: No ID Found -
Cureus Dec 2023The term bronchopneumonia describes an inflammation of the bronchioles centered in the lungs. A male patient, aged 77, complained of dyspnea for six months. The Modified...
The term bronchopneumonia describes an inflammation of the bronchioles centered in the lungs. A male patient, aged 77, complained of dyspnea for six months. The Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale showed grade 2 dyspnea, chest pain, cold, and fever for seven days. X-rays were done that revealed bronchopneumonia. The research aimed to understand the effect of chest physical therapy in patients admitted to high-density units. We, as physiotherapists, use a wide range of treatments, such as airway clearance procedures, early mobility, and active breathing exercises, all of which are useful in reducing the symptoms of pneumonia in this situation. The outcome measures used were the mMRC Dyspnea Scale, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Mobility Scale, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Early physiotherapy rehabilitation is beneficial in resolving bronchopneumonia and relieving dyspnea.
PubMed: 38288235
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51246 -
Indian Journal of Critical Care... Apr 2010To study acid-base imbalance in common pediatric diseases (such as sepsis, bronchopneumonia, diarrhea, birth-asphyxia etc.) in neonates.
OBJECTIVE
To study acid-base imbalance in common pediatric diseases (such as sepsis, bronchopneumonia, diarrhea, birth-asphyxia etc.) in neonates.
DESIGN AND SETTING
An observational study was conducted in an emergency room of a tertiary teaching care hospital in Haryana, India.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Fifty neonates (from first hour to one month) attending pediatric emergency services with various ailments. Blood gas analysis, electrolytes, plasma lactate, and plasma albumin were estimated in neonates.
RESULTS
Metabolic acidosis was the most common acid-base disorder. Hyperlactatemia was observed in more than half of such cases. Birth asphyxia was another common disorder with the highest mortality in neonates followed by bronchopneumonia and sepsis. Significant correlation between mortality and critical values of lactate was observed.
CONCLUSION
Birth asphyxia with high-lactate levels in neonates constituted major alterations in acid-base disorders seen in an emergency room of a tertiary teaching care hospital. Plasma lactate concentration measurement provides an invaluable tool to assess type of metabolic acidosis in addition to predicting mortality in these neonates.
PubMed: 20859489
DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.68217