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Microbial Biotechnology Apr 2023Clostridium spp. are suitable for the bioconversion of C -gases (e.g., CO , CO and syngas) into different bioproducts. These products can be used as biofuels and are... (Review)
Review
Clostridium spp. are suitable for the bioconversion of C -gases (e.g., CO , CO and syngas) into different bioproducts. These products can be used as biofuels and are reviewed here, focusing on ethanol, butanol and hexanol, mainly. The production of higher alcohols (e.g., butanol and hexanol) has hardly been reviewed. Parameters affecting the optimization of the bioconversion process and bioreactor performance are addressed as well as the pathways involved in these bioconversions. New aspects, such as mixotrophy and sugar versus gas fermentation, are also reviewed. In addition, Clostridia can also produce higher alcohols from the integration of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and the reverse ß-oxidation pathway, which has also not yet been comprehensively reviewed. In the latter process, the acetogen uses the reducing power of CO/syngas to reduce C or C fatty acids, previously produced by a chain elongating microorganism (commonly Clostridium kluyveri), into the corresponding bioalcohol.
Topics: Gases; Biofuels; Fermentation; Ethanol; Butanols; 1-Butanol; Clostridium; Bacteria; Hexanols
PubMed: 36661185
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14220 -
Microbial Cell Factories Jan 2022Cyanobacteria are engineered via heterologous biosynthetic pathways to produce value-added chemicals via photosynthesis. Various chemicals have been successfully...
BACKGROUND
Cyanobacteria are engineered via heterologous biosynthetic pathways to produce value-added chemicals via photosynthesis. Various chemicals have been successfully produced in engineered cyanobacteria. Chemical inducer-dependent promoters are used to induce the expression of target biosynthetic pathway genes. A chemical inducer is not ideal for large-scale reactions owing to its high cost; therefore, it is important to develop scaling-up methods to avoid their use. In this study, we designed a green light-inducible alcohol production system using the CcaS/CcaR green light gene expression system in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (PCC 6803).
RESULTS
To establish the green light-inducible production of isobutanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol (3MB) in PCC 6803, keto-acid decarboxylase (kdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) were expressed under the control of the CcaS/CcaR system. Increases in the transcription level were induced by irradiation with red and green light without severe effects on host cell growth. We found that the production of isobutanol and 3MB from carbon dioxide (CO) was induced under red and green light illumination and was substantially repressed under red light illumination alone. Finally, production titers of isobutanol and 3MB reached 238 mg L and 75 mg L, respectively, in 5 days under red and green light illumination, and these values are comparable to those reported in previous studies using chemical inducers.
CONCLUSION
A green light-induced alcohol production system was successfully integrated into cyanobacteria to produce value-added chemicals without using expensive chemical inducers. The green light-regulated production of isobutanol and 3MB from CO is eco-friendly and cost-effective. This study demonstrates that light regulation is a potential tool for producing chemicals and increases the feasibility of cyanobacterial bioprocesses.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Butanols; Light; Metabolic Engineering; Pentanols; Photoreceptors, Microbial; Photosynthesis; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Synechocystis
PubMed: 34991586
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01732-x -
Integrative Cancer Therapies 2022Carcinogenesis causes much human misery. It is a process involving multistage alterations. Medicinal plants are candidates for beneficial anticancer agents.
CONTEXT
Carcinogenesis causes much human misery. It is a process involving multistage alterations. Medicinal plants are candidates for beneficial anticancer agents.
OBJECTIVES
Investigation of anticancer proficiencies of the plant .
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Crude extract and derived fractions were inspected for their inhibitory potential against nuclear factor KB (NFκB), nitric oxide synthase inhibition, aromatase inhibition and induction of quinone reductase 1 (QR 1). Antiproliferative activity was determined by using various cancer cell lines for example hormone responsive breast cancer cell line MCF-7, estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, murine hepatoma cells Hepa 1c1c7, human neuroblastoma cells SK-N-SH and neuroblastoma cells MYCN-2.
RESULTS
Ethyl acetate and -butanol fractions of were strongly active against NFκB with IC of 16.6 ± 1.3 and 8.4 ± 0.7 µg/ml respectively with 100% survival. Chloroform fraction of the plant exhibited an induction ratio of 2.4 ± 0.09 with CD value of 17.7 µg/ml. Regarding the nitrite assay, the -hexane fraction exhibited significant inhibition of NO activity with IC of 17.8 ± 1.25 µg/ml. The -butanol fraction exhibited strong antiproliferative activity against IcIc-7 cell lines with IC values of 13.6 ± 1.91 µg/ml; against MYCN-2 a cytotoxic effect developed with dose dependence, with IC of 12.6 ± 1.24 µg/ml. In antiproliferative activity against SK-N-SH cell lines, chloroform, ethyl acetate and -butanol fractions were efficiently active with IC values of 11.2 ± 0.84, 14.6 ± 1.71 and 16.3 ± 1.57 respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
It was demonstrated that various fractions of displayed appreciable anticancer characteristics and could be a potent source for the development of anticancer leads.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Cell Line, Tumor; Chloroform; Humans; Mice; N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein; Neuroblastoma; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 34991410
DOI: 10.1177/15347354211069934 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Jun 2017Butanol is a promising alternative to ethanol and is desirable for use in transportation fuels and additives to gasoline and diesel fuels. Microbial production of...
Butanol is a promising alternative to ethanol and is desirable for use in transportation fuels and additives to gasoline and diesel fuels. Microbial production of butanol is challenging primarily because of its toxicity and low titer of production. Herein, we compared the transcriptome and phenome of wild-type and its butanol-tolerant evolved strain to understand the global cellular physiology and metabolism responsible for butanol tolerance. When the ancestral butanol-sensitive was exposed to butanol, gene activities involved in respiratory mechanisms and oxidative stress were highly perturbed. Intriguingly, the evolved butanol-tolerant strain behaved similarly in both the absence and presence of butanol. Among the mutations occurring in the evolved strain, cis-regulatory mutations may be the cause of butanol tolerance. This study provides a foundation for the rational design of the metabolic and regulatory pathways for enhanced biofuel production.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Biofuels; Drug Tolerance; Escherichia coli; Ethanol; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Expression Profiling; Metabolic Engineering; Metabolomics; Mutation; Phenotype; Transcriptome
PubMed: 28335589
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1702.02021 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Dec 2023Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious illness with a high mortality rate of 40-60%. It is characterised by systemic inflammatory processes and oxidative stress....
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious illness with a high mortality rate of 40-60%. It is characterised by systemic inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. Gram-negative bacterial infections are the major cause of ALI, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major stimulus for the release of inflammatory mediators. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new therapies which ameliorate ALI and prevent its serious consequences. The Middle Eastern native plant Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb) Bunge belongs to the family Tamaricaceae, which exhibits strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Thus, the current work aimed to ensure the plausible beneficial effects of T. nilotica different fractions on LPS-induced acute lung injury after elucidating their phytochemical constituents using LC/MS analysis. Mice were randomly allocated into six groups: Control saline, LPS group, and four groups treated with total extract, DCM, EtOAc and n-butanol fractions, respectively, intraperitoneal at 100 mg/kg doses 30 min before LPS injection. The lung expression of iNOS, TGF-β1, NOX-1, NOX-4 and GPX-1 levels were evaluated. Also, oxidative stress was assessed via measurements of MDA, SOD and Catalase activity, and histopathological and immunohistochemical investigation of TNF-α in lung tissues were performed. T. nilotica n-butanol fraction caused a significant downregulation in iNOS, TGF-β1, TNF-α, NOX-1, NOX-4, and MDA levels (p ˂ 0.05), and significantly elevated GPX-1 expression levels, SOD, and catalase activity (p ˂ 0.05), and alleviated all histopathological abnormalities confirming its advantageous role in ALI. The antibacterial activities of T. nilotica and its different fractions were investigated by agar well diffusion method and broth microdilution method. Interestingly, the n-butanol fraction exhibited the best antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. It also significantly reduced exopolysaccharide quantity, cell surface hydrophobicity, and biofilm formation.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Lipopolysaccharides; Tamaricaceae; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Catalase; 1-Butanol; Acute Lung Injury; Lung; Antioxidants; Oxidative Stress; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 37820564
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115678 -
Journal of Industrial Microbiology &... Oct 2020The sustainable production of solvents from above ground carbon is highly desired. Several clostridia naturally produce solvents and use a variety of renewable and... (Review)
Review
The sustainable production of solvents from above ground carbon is highly desired. Several clostridia naturally produce solvents and use a variety of renewable and waste-derived substrates such as lignocellulosic biomass and gas mixtures containing H/CO or CO. To enable economically viable production of solvents and biofuels such as ethanol and butanol, the high productivity of continuous bioprocesses is needed. While the first industrial-scale gas fermentation facility operates continuously, the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation is traditionally operated in batch mode. This review highlights the benefits of continuous bioprocessing for solvent production and underlines the progress made towards its establishment. Based on metabolic capabilities of solvent producing clostridia, we discuss recent advances in systems-level understanding and genome engineering. On the process side, we focus on innovative fermentation methods and integrated product recovery to overcome the limitations of the classical one-stage chemostat and give an overview of the current industrial bioproduction of solvents.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Acetone; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Biofuels; Biomass; Butanols; Clostridium; Ethanol; Fermentation; Gases; Solvents
PubMed: 32894379
DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02296-2 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022The plant (Sw.) Triana has been popularly used in Brazil to treat chronic inflammatory disturbances, such as osteoarthritis. This disease affects 250 million people...
The plant (Sw.) Triana has been popularly used in Brazil to treat chronic inflammatory disturbances, such as osteoarthritis. This disease affects 250 million people worldwide, and is associated with intense pain and loss of articular function. There is a lack of information about the phytochemistry and bioactivity of . Therefore, this study determined the chemical composition of some extracts and evaluated their cytotoxicity, along with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, activities using in vitro models. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared. Afterwards, a liquid-liquid partition was developed using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and -butanol. The extracts were characterized by LC-MS, and their biological activities were evaluated on epithelial cells (Vero), tumoral hepatic cells (Hep-G2), and THP-1 macrophages. LC-MS analyses identified several flavonoids in all fractions, such as quercetin, myricetin, and their glycosides. The crude extracts and -butanol fractions did not present cytotoxicity to the cells. The non-toxic fractions presented significant antioxidant activity when evaluated in terms of DPPH scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation, and ROS inhibition. THP-1 macrophages treated with the -butanol fraction (250 µg/mL) released fewer pro-inflammatory cytokines, even in the presence of LPS. In the future, it will be necessary to identify the phytochemicals that are responsible for anti-inflammatory effects for the discovery of new drugs. In vivo studies on extracts are still required to confirm their possible mechanisms of action.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Chloroform; Cytokines; Flavonoids; Glycosides; Humans; Lipopolysaccharides; Melastomataceae; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Quercetin; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 36144693
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185954 -
Journal of Proteomics Mar 2020Clostridium cellulovorans is among the most promising candidates for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of cellulosic biomass to liquid biofuels (ethanol, butanol). C....
Clostridium cellulovorans is among the most promising candidates for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of cellulosic biomass to liquid biofuels (ethanol, butanol). C. cellulovorans metabolizes all the main plant polysaccharides and mainly produces butyrate. Since most butyrate and butanol biosynthetic reactions from acetyl-CoA are common, introduction of single heterologous alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase can divert the branching-point intermediate (butyryl-CoA) towards butanol production in this strain. However, engineering C. cellulovorans metabolic pathways towards industrial utilization requires better understanding of its metabolism. The present study aimed at improving comprehension of cellulose metabolism in C. cellulovorans by comparing growth kinetics, substrate consumption/product accumulation and whole-cell soluble proteome (data available via ProteomeXchange, identifier PXD015487) with those of the same strain grown on a soluble carbohydrate, glucose, as the main carbon source. Growth substrate-dependent modulations of the central metabolism were detected, including regulation of several glycolytic enzymes, fermentation pathways (e.g. hydrogenase, pyruvate formate lyase, phosphate transacetylase) and nitrogen assimilation (e.g. glutamate dehydrogenase). Overexpression of hydrogenase and increased ethanol production by glucose-grown bacteria suggest a more reduced redox state. Higher energy expenditure seems to occur in cellulose-grown C. cellulovorans (likely related to overexpression and secretion of (hemi-)cellulases), which induces up-regulation of ATP synthetic pathways, e.g. acetate production and ATP synthase. SIGNIFICANCE: C. cellulovorans can metabolize all the main plant polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins) and, unlike other well established cellulolytic microorganisms, can produce butyrate. C. cellulovorans is therefore among the most attractive candidates for direct fermentation of lignocellulose to high-value chemicals and, especially, n-butanol, i.e. one of the most promising liquid biofuels for the future. Recent studies aimed at engineering n-butanol production in C. cellulovorans represent milestones towards production of biofuels through one-step fermentation of lignocellulose but also indicated that more detailed understanding of the C. cellulovorans central carbon metabolism is essential to refine metabolic engineering strategies towards improved n-butanol production in this strain. The present study helped identifying key genes associated with specific catabolic reactions and indicated modulations of central carbon metabolism (including redox and energy balance) associated with cellulose consumption. This information will be useful to determine key enzymes and possible metabolic bottlenecks to be addressed towards improved metabolic engineering of this strain.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Butanols; Cellulose; Clostridium; Clostridium cellulovorans; Fermentation; Metabolic Engineering; Proteomics
PubMed: 31982546
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103667 -
BMC Plant Biology Dec 2021A mannitol stress treatment and a subsequent application of n-butanol, known as a microtubule-disrupting agent, enhance microspore embryogenesis (ME) induction and plant...
BACKGROUND
A mannitol stress treatment and a subsequent application of n-butanol, known as a microtubule-disrupting agent, enhance microspore embryogenesis (ME) induction and plant regeneration in bread wheat. To characterize changes in cortical (CMT) and endoplasmic (EMT) microtubules organization and dynamics, associated with ME induction treatments, immunocytochemistry studies complemented by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were accomplished. This technique has allowed us to perform advanced 3- and 4D studies of MT architecture. The degree of MT fragmentation was examined by the relative fluorescence intensity quantification.
RESULTS
In uni-nucleated mannitol-treated microspores, severe CMT and EMT fragmentation occurs, although a complex network of short EMT bundles protected the nucleus. Additional treatment with n-butanol resulted in further depolymerization of both CMT and EMT, simultaneously with the formation of MT aggregates in the perinuclear region. Some aggregates resembled a preprophase band. In addition, a portion of the microspores progressed to the first mitotic division during the treatments. Bi-nucleate pollen-like structures showed a high MT depolymerization after mannitol treatment and numerous EMT bundles around the vegetative and generative nuclei after n-butanol. Interestingly, bi-nucleate symmetric structures showed prominent stabilization of EMT.
CONCLUSIONS
Fragmentation and stabilization of microtubules induced by mannitol- and n-butanol lead to new configurations essential for the induction of microspore embryogenesis in bread wheat. These results provide robust insight into MT dynamics during EM induction and open avenues to address newly targeted treatments to induce ME in recalcitrant species.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Mannitol; Microscopy, Confocal; Microtubules; Plant Development; Pollen; Triticum
PubMed: 34886809
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03345-3 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2016The molecular structure of esomeprazole magnesium derivative in the solid-state is reported for the first time, along with a simplified crystallization pathway. The...
The molecular structure of esomeprazole magnesium derivative in the solid-state is reported for the first time, along with a simplified crystallization pathway. The structure was determined using the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique to reveal the bonding relationships between esomeprazole heteroatoms and magnesium. The esomeprazole crystallization process was carried out in 1-butanol and water was utilized as anti-solvent. The product proved to be esomeprazole magnesium tetrahydrate with two 1-butanol molecules that crystallized in P6₃ space group, in a hexagonal unit cell. Complete characterization of a sample after drying was conducted by the use of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS). Investigation by ¹H-NMR and TGA has shown that the solvent content in the dried sample consists of two water molecules and 0.3 butanol molecules per esomeprazole magnesium molecule. This is different from the single crystal X-ray diffraction results and can be attributed to the loss of some water and 1-butanol molecules stabilized by intermolecular interactions. The title compound, after drying, is a true solvate in terms of water; conversely, 1-butanol fills the voids of the crystal lattice in non-stoichiometric amounts.
Topics: Butanols; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; Esomeprazole; Hydrogen Bonding; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 27120591
DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040544