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Microbiological Reviews Dec 1986
Review
Topics: Acetone; Butanols; Clostridium; Fermentation
PubMed: 3540574
DOI: 10.1128/mr.50.4.484-524.1986 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A Dec 2022Structural properties of 2-butanol aqueous solutions at different concentrations have been studied using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics...
Structural properties of 2-butanol aqueous solutions at different concentrations have been studied using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. The experimental structure factors have been accurately reproduced by the simulations, allowing one to explain their variation with concentration and to achieve a detailed description of the structural and dynamic properties of the studied systems. The analysis of experimental and computational data has shown that 2-butanol, the simplest aliphatic chiral alcohol, tends to form aggregates at a concentration above 1 M, affecting also both the structural and dynamic properties of the solvent.
Topics: Molecular Dynamics Simulation; X-Rays; Butanols; Solvents
PubMed: 36394997
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05708 -
Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine... Apr 2023To characterize the chemical profile of methanolic crude extract and its fractions (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry...
OBJECTIVE
To characterize the chemical profile of methanolic crude extract and its fractions (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, to evaluate their biological and pharmacological properties: antioxidant (1, 1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) (ABTS), galvinoxyle free radical scavenging, reducing power, phenanthroline and β carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays), enzymes inhibitory ability against several enzymes [acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE), buthyrylcholinesterase (BChE), urease and tyrosinase].
METHODS
Secondary metabolites were extracted from Tamarix africana air-dried powdered leaves by maceration, the crude extract was fractionated using different solvents with different polarities (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous). The amount of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins (hydrolysable and condensed) were determined using colorimetric assays. A variety of biochemical tests were carried out to assess antioxidant and oxygen radical scavenging properties using DPPH, ABTS, galvinoxyle free radical scavenging, reducing power, phenanthroline and β carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. Neuroprotective effect was examined against acetylcholinesterase and buthy-rylcholinesterase enzymes. The anti-urease and anti-tyrosinase activities were performed against urease and tyrosinase enzymes respectively. The extract's components were identified using LC-MS and compared to reference substances.
RESULTS
The results indicated that Tamarix africana extracts presented a powerful antioxidant activity in all assays and exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against AChE and BChE as well as urease and tyrosinase enzymes. LC-MS analysis identified amount of eight phenolic compounds were revealed in this analysis; Apigenin, Diosmin, Quercetin, Quercetine-3-glycoside, Apigenin 7-O glycoside, Rutin, Neohesperidin and Wogonin in methanolic extract and its different fractions of Tamarix africana from leaves.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on these findings, it is reasonable to assume that Tamarix africana could be considered as a potential candidate for pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries to create innovative health-promoting drugs.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Plant Extracts; Acetylcholinesterase; Urease; 1-Butanol; Apigenin; Linoleic Acid; Phenanthrolines; beta Carotene; Plant Leaves; Flavonoids; Free Radicals; Glycosides
PubMed: 36994513
DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20230105.003 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Butanol dehydrogenase (BDH) plays a significant role in the biosynthesis of butanol in bacteria by catalyzing butanal conversion to butanol at the expense of the NAD(P)H...
Butanol dehydrogenase (BDH) plays a significant role in the biosynthesis of butanol in bacteria by catalyzing butanal conversion to butanol at the expense of the NAD(P)H cofactor. BDH is an attractive enzyme for industrial application in butanol production; however, its molecular function remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we found that YqdH (FnYqdH) converts aldehyde into alcohol by utilizing NAD(P)H, with broad substrate specificity toward aldehydes but not alcohols. An in vitro metal ion substitution experiment showed that FnYqdH has higher enzyme activity in the presence of Co. Crystal structures of FnYqdH, in its apo and complexed forms (with NAD and Co), were determined at 1.98 and 2.72 Å resolution, respectively. The crystal structure of apo- and cofactor-binding states of FnYqdH showed an open conformation between the nucleotide binding and catalytic domain. Key residues involved in the catalytic and cofactor-binding sites of FnYqdH were identified by mutagenesis and microscale thermophoresis assays. The structural conformation and preferred optimal metal ion of FnYqdH differed from that of TmBDH (homolog protein of FnYqdH). Overall, we proposed an alternative model for putative proton relay in FnYqdH, thereby providing better insight into the molecular function of BDH.
Topics: Fusobacterium nucleatum; NAD; Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Alcohols; Butanols; 1-Butanol; Substrate Specificity; Crystallography, X-Ray; Alcohol Dehydrogenase
PubMed: 36769315
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032994 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Apr 2022Butyrate is produced by chemical synthesis based on crude oil, produced by microbial fermentation, or extracted from animal fats (M. Dwidar, J.-Y. Park, R. J. Mitchell,...
Butyrate is produced by chemical synthesis based on crude oil, produced by microbial fermentation, or extracted from animal fats (M. Dwidar, J.-Y. Park, R. J. Mitchell, and B.-I. Sang, The Scientific World Journal, 2012:471417, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/471417). Butyrate production by anaerobic bacteria is highly favorable since waste or sustainable resources can be used as the substrates. For this purpose, the native hyper-butanol producer Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4(HMT) was used as a chassis strain due to its broad substrate spectrum. BLASTp analysis of the predicted proteome of C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4(HMT) resulted in the identification of gene products potentially involved in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Their participation in ABE fermentation was either confirmed or disproven by the parallel production of acids or solvents and the respective transcript levels obtained by transcriptome analysis of this strain. The genes encoding phosphotransacetylase () and butyraldehyde dehydrogenase () were deleted to reduce acetate and alcohol formation. The genes located in the butyryl-CoA synthesis () operon encoding crotonase, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase with electron-transferring protein subunits α and β, and 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase were overexpressed to channel the flux further towards butyrate formation. Thereby, the native hyper-butanol producer N1-4(HMT) was converted into the hyper-butyrate producer ΔΔ [pMTL83151_BCS_P]. The transcription pattern following deletion and overexpression was characterized by a second transcriptomic study, revealing partial compensation for the deletion. Furthermore, this strain was characterized in pH-controlled fermentations with either glucose or Excello, a substrate yielded from spruce biomass. Butyrate was the main product, with maximum butyrate concentrations of 11.7 g·L and 14.3 g·L, respectively. Minimal amounts of by-products were detected. Platform chemicals such as butyrate are usually produced chemically from crude oil, resulting in the carry-over of harmful compounds. The selective production of butyrate using sustainable resources or waste without harmful by-products can be achieved by bacteria such as clostridia. The hyper-butanol producer Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4(HMT) was converted into a hyper-butyrate producer. Butyrate production with very small amounts of by-products was established with glucose and the sustainable lignocellulosic sugar substrate Excello extracted from spruce biomass by the biorefinery Borregaard (Sarpsborg, Norway).
Topics: 1-Butanol; Acetone; Butanols; Butyrates; Clostridium; Ethanol; Fermentation; Glucose; Lignin; Petroleum; Sugars
PubMed: 35311509
DOI: 10.1128/aem.02419-21 -
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Dec 2014To demonstrate simultaneous hyperpolarization and imaging of three (13)C-labeled perfusion MRI contrast agents with dissimilar molecular structures ([(13)C]urea,...
PURPOSE
To demonstrate simultaneous hyperpolarization and imaging of three (13)C-labeled perfusion MRI contrast agents with dissimilar molecular structures ([(13)C]urea, [(13)C]hydroxymethyl cyclopropane, and [(13)C]t-butanol) and correspondingly variable chemical shifts and physiological characteristics, and to exploit their varying diffusibility for simultaneous measurement of vascular permeability and perfusion in initial preclinical studies.
METHODS
Rapid and efficient dynamic multislice imaging was enabled by a novel pulse sequence incorporating balanced steady state free precession excitation and spectral-spatial readout by multiband frequency encoding, designed for the wide, regular spectral separation of these compounds. We exploited the varying bilayer permeability of these tracers to quantify vascular permeability and perfusion parameters simultaneously, using perfusion modeling methods that were investigated in simulations. "Tripolarized" perfusion MRI methods were applied to initial preclinical studies with differential conditions of vascular permeability, in normal mouse tissues and advanced transgenic mouse prostate tumors.
RESULTS
Dynamic imaging revealed clear differences among the individual tracer distributions. Computed permeability maps demonstrated differential permeability of brain tissue among the tracers, and tumor perfusion and permeability were both elevated over values expected for normal tissues.
CONCLUSION
Tripolarized perfusion MRI provides new molecular imaging measures for specifically monitoring permeability, perfusion, and transport simultaneously in vivo.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Contrast Media; Cyclopropanes; Image Enhancement; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Urea
PubMed: 24382698
DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25071 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2011The antioxidant activities of the ethanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water extract fractions from the seeds of papaya were evaluated in this study....
The antioxidant activities of the ethanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water extract fractions from the seeds of papaya were evaluated in this study. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest DPPH and hydroxyl free radical-scavenging activities, and its activities were stronger than those of ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate, respectively. The n-butanol fraction demonstrated the greatest ABTS⁺ radicals scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate fraction and the n-butanol fraction not only showed higher antioxidant activities than the petroleum ether fraction, water fraction and ethanol fraction, but also showed higher superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide radicals scavenging activities than those of the other extract fractions. The high amount of total phenolics and total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions contributed to their antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography, to yield two phenolic compounds, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid, which possessed significant antioxidant activities. Therefore, the seeds of papaya and these compounds might be used as natural antioxidants.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Acetates; Alkanes; Biphenyl Compounds; Carica; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chromatography, Gel; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Parabens; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Seeds; Solvents; Vanillic Acid; Water
PubMed: 21788927
DOI: 10.3390/molecules16086179 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology May 2021is a thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon with optimal growth at 80°C and pH 2 to 3. Due to its unique physiological properties, allowing life at environmental extremes, and...
is a thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon with optimal growth at 80°C and pH 2 to 3. Due to its unique physiological properties, allowing life at environmental extremes, and the recent availability of genetic tools, this extremophile has received increasing interest for biotechnological applications. In order to elucidate the potential of tolerating process-related stress conditions, we investigated the response of toward the industrially relevant organic solvent 1-butanol. In response to butanol exposure, biofilm formation of was enhanced and occurred at up to 1.5% (vol/vol) 1-butanol, while planktonic growth was observed at up to 1% (vol/vol) 1-butanol. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy revealed that biofilm architecture changed with the formation of denser and higher tower-like structures. Concomitantly, changes in the extracellular polymeric substances with enhanced carbohydrate and protein content were determined in 1-butanol-exposed biofilms. Using scanning electron microscopy, three different cell morphotypes were observed in response to 1-butanol. Transcriptome and proteome analyses were performed comparing the response of planktonic and biofilm cells in the absence and presence of 1-butanol. In response to 1% (vol/vol) 1-butanol, transcript levels of genes encoding motility and cell envelope structures, as well as membrane proteins, were reduced. Cell division and/or vesicle formation were upregulated. Furthermore, changes in immune and defense systems, as well as metabolism and general stress responses, were observed. Our findings show that the extreme lifestyle of coincided with a high tolerance to organic solvents. This study provides what may be the first insights into biofilm formation and membrane/cell stress caused by organic solvents in are unique in terms of metabolic and cellular processes, as well as the adaptation to extreme environments. In the past few years, the development of genetic systems and biochemical, genetic, and polyomics studies has provided deep insights into the physiology of some archaeal model organisms. In this study, we used , which is adapted to the two extremes of low pH and high temperature, to study its tolerance and robustness as well as its global cellular response toward organic solvents, as exemplified by 1-butanol. We were able to identify biofilm formation as a primary cellular response to 1-butanol. Furthermore, the triggered cell/membrane stress led to significant changes in culture heterogeneity accompanied by changes in central cellular processes, such as cell division and cellular defense systems, thus suggesting a global response for the protection at the population level.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Acclimatization; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Genes, Bacterial; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Plankton; Proteome; Solvents; Stress, Physiological; Sulfolobus acidocaldarius; Transcriptome
PubMed: 33741627
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02988-20 -
Phytomedicine : International Journal... Feb 2023Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder in gastrointestinal tract. Shen Ling Bai Zhu San (SLBZS), which has a long history of...
BACKGROUND
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder in gastrointestinal tract. Shen Ling Bai Zhu San (SLBZS), which has a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been widely used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. The isolated fractions of TCM have also been proved to possess an important potential for treating diseases, which are due to their effective components.
PURPOSE
In this study, we examined the possibility that SLBZS and its isolated active fractions may prevent DSS-induced colitis, and investigated the potential mechanisms by regulating genetic profile of colon.
METHODS
Colitis mice were induced by 2.5% DSS for 7 days, and then SLBZS and different SLBZS extracts were administrated to protect the mice for 7 days. Body weight, diarrhea, bleeding in stool, colon length, spleen weight, cytokines of serum and colon and pathology of colon were assessed. The level of Ginsenoside Rg1, Re and Rb1 in different SLBZS extracts and qualitative analysis of n-butanol extract of SLBZS (S-Nb) was performed by HPLC and LC-MS, respectively. And the effects of S-Nb on the transcriptome in colitis were investigated.
RESULTS
Our results showed that SLBZS and S-Nb significantly regained body weight, reduced DAI, splenomegaly and the length of colon and attenuated histological damage of the colon. Meanwhile, SLBZS and S-Nb markedly reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and increased the level of IL-10 in serum and colon. These effects may be associated with the high levels of Ginsenoside Rg1, Re and Rb1 and rich variety of compounds in S-Nb including 6 ginsenosides, glycyrrhizin, L-tryptophan, and so on. Transcriptome analysis revealed that S-Nb selectively regulated 103 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 36 of which were changed in DSS-induced mice. And the genes of Per2, Per3, Npy and Serpina3m were closely related to colitis and also restored by S-Nb with different extent. Remarkably, these DEGs modulated the biological functions of colitis mice, including extracellular region, response to external stimulus, MAPK signaling pathway and arginine and proline metabolism.
CONCLUSIONS
These data indicated that SLBZS and S-Nb blunted DSS-induced colitis by modulating differentially expression gene profile and biological functions based on their ginsenosides and rich compounds.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Ginsenosides; 1-Butanol; Butanols; Chromatography, Liquid; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Colitis; Colon; Chronic Disease; Gene Expression Profiling; Body Weight; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Cytokines
PubMed: 36634382
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154645 -
Environmental Science & Technology Feb 2023While the thirdhand smoke (THS) residue from tobacco smoke has been recognized as a distinct public health hazard, there are currently no gold standard biomarkers to...
While the thirdhand smoke (THS) residue from tobacco smoke has been recognized as a distinct public health hazard, there are currently no gold standard biomarkers to differentiate THS from secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. This study used machine learning algorithms to assess which combinations of biomarkers and reported tobacco smoke exposure measures best differentiate children into three groups: no/minimal tobacco smoke exposure (NEG); predominant THS exposure (TEG); and mixed SHS and THS exposure (MEG). Participants were 4485 nonsmoking 3-17-year-olds from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016. We fitted and tested random forest models, and the majority (76%) of children were classified in NEG, 16% were classified in TEG, and 8% were classified in MEG. The final classification model based on reported exposure, biomarker, and biomarker ratio variables had a prediction accuracy of 95%. This final model had prediction accuracies of 100% for NEG, 88% for TEG, followed by 71% for MEG. The most important predictors were the reported number of household smokers, serum cotinine, serum hydroxycotinine, and urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). In the absence of validated biomarkers specific to THS, comprehensive biomarker and questionnaire data for tobacco smoke exposure can distinguish children exposed to SHS and THS with high accuracy.
Topics: Humans; Child; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Nutrition Surveys; Cotinine; Biomarkers; 1-Butanol; Algorithms; Nicotiana
PubMed: 36705578
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08121