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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Medicinal plants are known as sources of potential antimicrobial compounds belonging to different classes. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antimicrobial...
Medicinal plants are known as sources of potential antimicrobial compounds belonging to different classes. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the crude extract, fractions, and some isolated secondary metabolites from the leaves of , a Cameroonian medicinal plant traditionally used for the treatment of microbial infections. Repeated column chromatography of the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions led to the isolation of seventeen previously known compounds (), among which three steroids (), one triterpene (), four flavonoids (), two stilbenoids ( and ) four ellagic acid derivatives (), one geraniinic acid derivative (), one coumarine (), and one glyceride (). Their structures were elucidated mainly by means of extensive spectroscopic and spectrometric (1D and 2D NMR and, MS) analysis and comparison with the published data. The crude extract, fractions, and isolated compounds were all screened for their antimicrobial activity. None of the natural compounds was active against strains. However, the crude extract, fractions, and compounds showed varying levels of antibacterial properties against at least one of the tested bacterial strains, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 250 to 1000 μg/mL. The -butanol (-BuOH) fraction was the most active against ATCC 25922, with an MIC value of 250 μg/mL. Among the isolated compounds, schweinfurthin B () exhibited the best activity against NR 46003 with a MIC value of 62.5 μg/mL. In addition, schweinfurthin O () and isomacarangin () also exhibited moderate activity against the same strain with a MIC value of 125 μg/mL. Therefore, pharmacomodulation was performed on compound and three new semisynthetic derivatives () were prepared by allylation and acetylation reactions and screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity. None of the semisynthetic derivatives showed antimicrobial activity against the same tested strains. The chemophenetic significance of the isolated compounds is also discussed in this paper.
Topics: Euphorbiaceae; 1-Butanol; Plant Extracts; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 36557952
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248820 -
Genes Jan 2021Biobutanol is a promising alternative fuel with impaired microbial production thanks to its toxicity. () is among the few bacterial species that can naturally tolerate...
Biobutanol is a promising alternative fuel with impaired microbial production thanks to its toxicity. () is among the few bacterial species that can naturally tolerate 3% (/) butanol. This study aims to identify the genetic factors involved in the butanol stress response of by comparing the differential gene expression in two strains with very different butanol tolerance: the highly resistant Ym1, and the relatively sensitive 8-1. During butanol stress, a total of 319 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in Ym1, and 516 in 8-1. Fifty genes were upregulated and 54 were downregulated in both strains, revealing the common species-specific effects of butanol stress: upregulation of multidrug efflux transporters (SMR, MSF), toxin-antitoxin system, transcriptional regulators (TetR/AcrR, Crp/Fnr, and DeoR/GlpR), Hsp20, and genes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis. Strong inhibition of the pyrimidine biosynthesis occurred in both strains. However, the strains differed greatly in DEGs responsible for the membrane transport, tryptophan synthesis, glycerol metabolism, tRNAs, and some important transcriptional regulators (Spx, LacI). Uniquely upregulated in the butanol-resistant strain Ym1 were the genes encoding GntR, GroEL, GroES, and foldase PrsA. The phosphoenolpyruvate flux and the phosphotransferase system (PTS) also appear to be major factors in butanol tolerance.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Butanols; Computational Biology; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Lactobacillus; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Transcriptome
PubMed: 33514005
DOI: 10.3390/genes12020181 -
Marine Drugs Apr 2023Seaweed has been known to possess beneficial effects forhuman health due to the presence of functional bioactive components. The -butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of...
Seaweed has been known to possess beneficial effects forhuman health due to the presence of functional bioactive components. The -butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of showed ash (31.78%), crude fat (18.93%), crude protein (14.5%), and carbohydrate (12.35%) contents. About 19 compounds were identified in the -butanol extract, primarily undecane, cetylic acid, hexadecenoic acid, -11-, lageracetal, dodecane, and tridecane, whereas 25 compounds were identified in the ethyl acetate extract, mainly tetradecanoic, hexadecenoic acid, -11-, undecane, and myristic acid. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of carboxylic acid, phenols, aromatics, ethers, amides, sulfonates, and ketones. Moreover, total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) in ethyl acetate extract were 2.56 and 2.51 mg GAE/g and in -butanol extract were 2.11 and 2.25 mg QE/g, respectively. Ethyl acetate and -butanol extracts at a high concentration of 100 mg mL showed 66.64 and 56.56 % inhibition of DPPH, respectively. Antimicrobial activity revealed that was the most susceptible microorganism, followed by , and , whereas showed the least inhibition at all concentrations. The in vivo hypoglycemic study revealed that both extracts exhibited concentration-dependent hypoglycemic activities. In conclusion, this macroalgae exhibited antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hypoglycemic potentials.
Topics: Antioxidants; Plant Extracts; Seaweed; Hypoglycemic Agents; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; 1-Butanol; Anti-Infective Agents; Phaeophyceae
PubMed: 37233467
DOI: 10.3390/md21050273 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Apr 2019DSM 743B offers potential as a chassis strain for biomass refining by consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). However, its -butanol production from lignocellulosic biomass...
DSM 743B offers potential as a chassis strain for biomass refining by consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). However, its -butanol production from lignocellulosic biomass has yet to be demonstrated. This study demonstrates the construction of a coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) pathway in by introducing and genes from ATCC 824, which enabled it to produce -butanol using the abundant and low-cost agricultural waste of alkali-extracted, deshelled corn cobs (AECC) as the sole carbon source. Then, a novel adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) approach was adapted to strengthen the -butanol tolerance of to fully utilize its -butanol output potential. To further improve -butanol production, both metabolic engineering and evolutionary engineering were combined, using the evolved strain as a host for metabolic engineering. The -butanol production from AECC of the engineered was increased 138-fold, from less than 0.025 g/liter to 3.47 g/liter. This method represents a milestone toward -butanol production by CBP, using a single recombinant clostridium strain. The engineered strain offers a promising CBP-enabling microbial chassis for -butanol fermentation from lignocellulose. Due to a lack of genetic tools, DSM 743B has not been comprehensively explored as a putative strain platform for -butanol production by consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). Based on the previous study of genetic tools, strain engineering of for the development of a CBP-enabling microbial chassis was demonstrated in this study. Metabolic engineering and evolutionary engineering were integrated to improve the -butanol production of from the low-cost renewable agricultural waste of alkali-extracted, deshelled corn cobs (AECC). The -butanol production from AECC was increased 138-fold, from less than 0.025 g/liter to 3.47 g/liter, which represents the highest titer of -butanol produced using a single recombinant clostridium strain by CBP reported to date. This engineered strain serves as a promising chassis for -butanol production from lignocellulose by CBP.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Bacterial Proteins; Batch Cell Culture Techniques; Biomass; Clostridium acetobutylicum; Clostridium cellulovorans; Coenzyme A; DNA, Bacterial; Evolution, Molecular; Fermentation; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Lignin; Metabolic Engineering; Microorganisms, Genetically-Modified; Oxidoreductases
PubMed: 30658972
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02560-18 -
NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Jan 2021The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis forms beneficial biofilms that induce plant defences and prevent the growth of pathogens. It is naturally found in the rhizosphere,...
The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis forms beneficial biofilms that induce plant defences and prevent the growth of pathogens. It is naturally found in the rhizosphere, where microorganisms coexist in an extremely competitive environment, and thus have evolved a diverse arsenal of defence mechanisms. In this work, we found that volatile compounds produced by B. subtilis biofilms inhibited the development of competing biofilm colonies, by reducing extracellular matrix gene expression, both within and across species. This effect was dose-dependent, with the structural defects becoming more pronounced as the number of volatile-producing colonies increased. This inhibition was mostly mediated by organic volatiles, and we identified the active molecules as 3-methyl-1-butanol and 1-butanol. Similar results were obtained with biofilms formed by phylogenetically distinct bacterium sharing the same niche, Escherichia coli, which produced the biofilm-inhibiting 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-nonanon. The ability of established biofilms to inhibit the development and spreading of new biofilms from afar might be a general mechanism utilized by bacterial biofilms to protect an occupied niche from the invasion of competing bacteria.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Bacillus subtilis; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Escherichia coli; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Ketones; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Pentanols; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 33402677
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00174-4 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Dec 2023There is a growing interest in the use of microbial cell factories to produce butanol, an industrial solvent and platform chemical. Biobutanol can also be used as a...
There is a growing interest in the use of microbial cell factories to produce butanol, an industrial solvent and platform chemical. Biobutanol can also be used as a biofuel and represents a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to the use of conventional fossil fuels. Solventogenic Clostridia are the most popular microorganisms used due to the native expression of butanol synthesis pathways. A major drawback to the wide scale implementation and development of these technologies is the toxicity of butanol. Various membrane properties and related functions are perturbed by the interaction of butanol with the cell membrane, causing lower yields and higher purification costs. This is ultimately why the technology remains underemployed. This study aimed to develop a deeper understanding of butanol toxicity at the membrane to determine future targets for membrane engineering. Changes to the lipidome in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (HMT) throughout butanol fermentation were investigated with thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry. By the end of fermentation, levels of phosphatidylglycerol lipids had increased significantly, suggesting an important role of these lipid species in tolerance to butanol. Using membrane models and in vitro assays to investigate characteristics such as permeability, fluidity, and swelling, it was found that altering the composition of membrane models can convey tolerance to butanol, and that modulating membrane fluidity appears to be a key factor. Data presented here will ultimately help to inform rational strain engineering efforts to produce more robust strains capable of producing higher butanol titres.
Topics: Butanols; 1-Butanol; Clostridium; Membranes
PubMed: 37648011
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184217 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Dec 2020n-Butanol is a renewable resource with a wide range of applications. Its physicochemical properties make it a potential substitute for gasoline. Saccharomyces cerevisiae...
n-Butanol is a renewable resource with a wide range of applications. Its physicochemical properties make it a potential substitute for gasoline. Saccharomyces cerevisiae can produce n-butanol via amino acid catabolic pathways, but the use of pure amino acids is economically unfeasible for large-scale production. The aim of this study was to optimize the production of n-butanol by S. cerevisiae from protein-rich agro-industrial by-products (sunflower and poultry offal meals). By-products were characterized according to their total protein and free amino acid contents and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. Protein hydrolysates were used as nitrogen sources for the production of n-butanol by S. cerevisiae, but only poultry offal meal hydrolysate (POMH) afforded detectable levels of n-butanol. Under optimized conditions (carbon/nitrogen ratio of 2 and working volume of 60%), 59.94 mg/L of n-butanol was produced using POMH and glucose as substrates. The low-cost agro-industrial by-product showed great potential to be used in the production of n-butanol by S. cerevisiae. Other protein-rich residues may also find application in biofuel production by yeasts.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Agriculture; Amino Acids; Biofuels; Fermentation; Hydrolysis; Industrial Waste; Proteins; Refuse Disposal; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 32888143
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00370-6 -
PloS One 2022Wild medicinal herbs have been used as folk and traditional medicines all across the world since well before recorded history. This present study was designed to test...
Wild medicinal herbs have been used as folk and traditional medicines all across the world since well before recorded history. This present study was designed to test the antimicrobial activities of five different solvent extracted samples (n-hexane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) of Peganum harmala using stems and seeds. Two different strains of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia), two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilus and Staphylococcus aureus), and one fungal strain (Candida albicans) were used. The antimicrobial activities were measured using a disc diffusion assay. Two concentrations of the extracts (1 and 2mgDisc-1) were used. Ethyl acetate fraction was found more affective among the tested solvents and showed maximum activity (zone of inhibition) against S. aureus (65.53 and 81.10%), E. coli (46.22 and 61.29%) while n-butanol and water fractions gave maximum activity against S. aureus (78.86 and 70.00%) and K. pneumonia (57.00 and 61.39%) respectively. Water fraction showed maximum activity against C. albicans (60.00 and 81.88%). In the case of the stem, Ethyl acetate again showed more activity against B. subtilus (38.57 and 42.10%) and S. aureus (36.66 and 46.66%) while n-butanol showed maximum activity against K. pneumonia (24.55 and 32.44%) and E. coli (27.93 and 37.61%). Methanol was found more effective against C. albicans (25.71 and 43.80%). Seed extracted samples were found more effective compared to the stem. Ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous extracted samples showed good activity against the tested microbes, so these fractions are recommended for study their mechanism of actions and isolation of bioactive metabolites responsible for antimicrobial activities. The P. harmala should be evaluated for their bioactive compounds to be used in future studies. Our objective is to provide the framework for future study on the roles of P. harmala as traditional medicines.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Escherichia coli; Methanol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Peganum; Plant Extracts; Seeds; Solvents; Staphylococcus aureus; Water
PubMed: 35482722
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265206 -
Environmental Health and Preventive... Mar 2021Periploca aphylla is used by local population and indigenous medicine practitioners as stomachic, tonic, antitumor, antiulcer, and for treatment of inflammatory...
BACKGROUND
Periploca aphylla is used by local population and indigenous medicine practitioners as stomachic, tonic, antitumor, antiulcer, and for treatment of inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic effect of the extract of P. aphylla and to investigate antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.
METHODS
The present research was conducted to evaluate the antihyperglycemic potential of methanol extract of P. aphylla (PAM) and subfractions n-hexane (PAH), chloroform (PAC), ethyl acetate (PAE), n-butanol (PAB), and aqueous (PAA) in glucose-overloaded hyperglycemic Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on the efficacy, PAB (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) was tested for its antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) in rat. Blood glucose values were taken weekly. HPLC-DAD analysis of PAB was carried out for the presence of various polyphenols.
RESULTS
HPLC-DAD analysis of PAB recorded the presence of rutin, catechin, caffeic acid, and myricetin. Oral administration of PAB at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 21 days significantly restored (P < 0.01) body weight (%) and relative liver and relative kidney weight of diabetic rats. Diabetic control rats showed significant elevation (P < 0.01) of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, creatinine, total bilirubin, and BUN while reduced (P < 0.01) level of glucose, total protein, albumin, insulin, and HDL in serum. Count of blood cells and hematological parameters were altered in diabetic rats. Further, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and total soluble protein concentration decreased while concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and percent DNA damages increased (P < 0.01) in liver and renal tissues of diabetic rats. Histopathological damage scores increased in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats. Intake of PAB (400 mg/kg) resulted in significant improvement (P < 0.01) of above parameters, and results were comparable to that of standard drug glibenclamide.
CONCLUSION
The result suggests the antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of PAB treatment in STZ-compelled diabetic rat. PAB might be used as new therapeutic agent in diabetic patients to manage diabetes and decrease the complications.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Administration, Oral; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Periploca; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Streptozocin
PubMed: 33752586
DOI: 10.1186/s12199-021-00962-0 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (PMOP) is the most prevalent primary osteoporosis, attributable to an imbalance in osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Modified You-Gui-Yin...
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (PMOP) is the most prevalent primary osteoporosis, attributable to an imbalance in osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Modified You-Gui-Yin (MYGY), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, is able to effectively treat PMOP, while the critical components and pharmacological mechanisms of MYGY are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of N-butanol extract of MYGY (MYGY-Nb) in ovariectomized (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mice. Histological staining and micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis showed that MYGY-Nb was more effective in the suppression of OVX-induced bone loss than MYGY original formula. Subsequently, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis identified 16 critical compounds of MYGY-Nb and some of them are reported to affect osteoclast functions. Furthermore, and experiments demonstrated that MYGY-Nb significantly attenuated osteoclastogenesis by down-regulating RANKL-mediated NF-κB signaling. In conclusion, our study indicated that MYGY-Nb suppresses NF-κB signaling and osteoclast formation to mitigate bone loss in PMOP, implying that MYGY-Nb and its compounds are potential candidates for development of anti-PMOP drugs.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Animals; Female; Humans; Mice; NF-kappa B; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Ovariectomy; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 35813633
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.925848