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Journal of Applied Microbiology Sep 2017This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance of Salmonella cells in mono- and dual-species biofilms with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and to...
AIMS
This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance of Salmonella cells in mono- and dual-species biofilms with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and to investigate the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the protection of biofilms against disinfection treatment.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The populations of Salmonella in mono- or dual-species biofilms with P. aeruginosa on stainless steel (SS) coupons were determined before and after exposure to commercial disinfectant, 50 μg ml chlorine or 200 μg ml Ecolab Whisper™ V (a blend of four effective quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC)). In addition, EPS amount from biofilms was quantified and biofilm structures were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Antagonistic interactions between Salmonella and P. aeruginosa resulted in lower planktonic population level of Salmonella, and lower density in dual-species biofilms compared to mono-species biofilms. The presence of P. aeruginosa significantly enhanced disinfectant resistance of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis biofilm cells for 2 days, and led to an average of 50% increase in polysaccharides amount in dual-species biofilms than mono-species biofilms of Salmonella. Microscopy observation showed the presence of large microcolonies covered by EPS in dual-species biofilms but not in mono-species ones.
CONCLUSION
The presence of P. aeruginosa in dual-species culture inhibited the growth of Salmonella cells in planktonic phase and in biofilms, but protected Salmonella cells in biofilms from disinfection treatment, by providing more production of EPS in dual-species biofilms than mono-species ones.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This study provides insights into inter-species interaction, with regard to biofilm population dynamics and disinfectant resistance. Thus, a sanitation protocol should be designed considering the protective role of secondary species to pathogens in biofilms on SS surface which has been widely used at food surfaces and manufacturers.
Topics: Biofilms; Chlorine; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella; Stainless Steel
PubMed: 28644912
DOI: 10.1111/jam.13521 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022Cars with air conditioning systems have become the norm, but these systems can be dangerous for human health as a result of the accumulation of different microorganisms,...
Cars with air conditioning systems have become the norm, but these systems can be dangerous for human health as a result of the accumulation of different microorganisms, including pathogenic ones, causing severe allergy or inflammation problems. The novel purpose of this study is 2-fold: on the one hand, to test different disinfection agents on a new area, that is, automobile cabins, and on the other, to compare activity in the gas phase of these agents for disinfection of car air conditioning and cabin surfaces. This study shown that tested disinfectant agents dedicated for decontamination medical areas (agent based on peracetic acid and an agent containing didecyldimethylammonium chloride, 2-phenoxyethanol with cinnamaldehyde) can be successfully used for disinfection car air conditioning and cabin surfaces. Both disinfectants were examined in comparison to a commercial "ready-to-use" spray from a local supermarket dedicated to car air conditioning disinfection. Our research found that very effective agents in this regard were acid stabilized by hydrogen peroxide applied by fumigator, and a combination of didecyldimethylammonium chloride, 2-phenoxyethanol, and cinnamaldehyde applied by atomizer. Tested disinfection procedures of car air conditioning significantly influence the quality of cabin air and surfaces by reducing the amount of microorganisms. The comparison of disinfection properties studied agents in the gas phase reveal statistically significant differences between it effect for disinfection car air conditioning and cabin surfaces. Our research found that very effective agents in this regard were acid stabilized by hydrogen peroxide applied by fumigator, and a combination of didecyldimethylammonium chloride, 2-phenoxyethanol, and cinnamaldehyde applied by atomizer. Tested disinfection procedures of car air conditioning significantly influence the quality of cabin air and surfaces by reducing the amount of microorganisms.
Topics: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Peracetic Acid
PubMed: 35284381
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.820816 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Aug 2020Disinfectant products are used frequently on environmental surfaces (e.g. medical equipment, countertops, patient beds) and patient care equipment within healthcare...
BACKGROUND
Disinfectant products are used frequently on environmental surfaces (e.g. medical equipment, countertops, patient beds) and patient care equipment within healthcare facilities. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of cross-contamination of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during and after disinfection of predetermined surface areas with ready-to-use (RTU) pre-wetted disinfectant towelettes.
METHODS
This study tested six disinfectant towelette products against S. aureus ATCC CRM-6538 and P. aeruginosa strain ATCC-15442 on Formica surfaces. Each disinfectant was evaluated on a hard nonporous surface and efficacy was measured every 0.5 m using a modified version of EPA MLB SOP-MB-33 to study the risk of cross-contamination.
RESULTS
We found that all of the wipes used in this study transferred S. aureus and P. aeruginosa from an inoculated surface to previously uncontaminated surfaces. Disinfectant towelettes with certain chemistries also retained a high level of viable bacteria after disinfection of the surface area. The cross-contamination risk also varied by product chemistry and bacterial strain.
CONCLUSION
Disinfectant wipes can cross-contaminate hard nonporous surfaces and retain viable bacterial cells post-disinfection, especially over larger surface areas. This highlights a need to further investigate the risk disinfectant wipes pose during and post-disinfection and guidance on maximum surface areas treated with a single towelette.
Topics: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Environmental Microbiology; Equipment Contamination; Fomites; Humans; Microbial Viability; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 32831143
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00797-4 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2021Some authors have been proposing the use of cavity disinfectants in order to reduce, or even eliminate, the effect of the microorganisms present in a dental cavity... (Review)
Review
Some authors have been proposing the use of cavity disinfectants in order to reduce, or even eliminate, the effect of the microorganisms present in a dental cavity before a restoration is placed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cavity disinfectants on bond strength and clinical success of composite and glass ionomer restorations on primary teeth. The research was conducted using Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science for articles published up to February 2021. The search was performed according to the PICO strategy. The evaluation of the methodological quality of each in vitro study was assessed using the CONSORT checklist for reporting in vitro studies on dental materials. Sixteen in vitro studies and one in situ study fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Chlorhexidine was the most studied cavity disinfectant, and its use does not compromise dentin bonding. Sodium hypochlorite is a promising alternative, but more research on its use is required to clearly state that it can safely be used as a cavity disinfectant for primary teeth. Although other disinfectants were studied, there is a low-level evidence attesting their effects on adhesion, therefore their use should be avoided.
Topics: Adhesiveness; Dental Cavity Preparation; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Tooth, Deciduous
PubMed: 33922376
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094398 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology 2019Microbiological contamination is a big challenge to the food industry, medicine, agriculture, and environmental protection. For this reason, scientists are constantly... (Review)
Review
Microbiological contamination is a big challenge to the food industry, medicine, agriculture, and environmental protection. For this reason, scientists are constantly looking for alternative methods of decontamination, which ensure the effective elimination of unwanted biological agents. Cold plasma is a new technology, which due to its unique physical and chemical properties becomes a point of interest to a growing group of researchers. The previously conducted experiments confirm its effective action, e.g. in the disinfection of skin wounds, air, and sewage treatment, as well as in food preservation and decontamination. The reactive compounds present in the plasma: high-energy electrons, ionized atoms and molecules, and UV photons are the key factors that cause an effective reduction in the number of microorganisms. The mechanism and effectiveness of the cold plasma are complex and depend on the process parameters, environmental factors and the type and properties of the microorganisms that are to be killed. This review describes the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of the cold plasma and characterizes its interaction with various groups of microorganisms based on the available literature data. Microbiological contamination is a big challenge to the food industry, medicine, agriculture, and environmental protection. For this reason, scientists are constantly looking for alternative methods of decontamination, which ensure the effective elimination of unwanted biological agents. Cold plasma is a new technology, which due to its unique physical and chemical properties becomes a point of interest to a growing group of researchers. The previously conducted experiments confirm its effective action, e.g. in the disinfection of skin wounds, air, and sewage treatment, as well as in food preservation and decontamination. The reactive compounds present in the plasma: high-energy electrons, ionized atoms and molecules, and UV photons are the key factors that cause an effective reduction in the number of microorganisms. The mechanism and effectiveness of the cold plasma are complex and depend on the process parameters, environmental factors and the type and properties of the microorganisms that are to be killed. This review describes the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of the cold plasma and characterizes its interaction with various groups of microorganisms based on the available literature data.
Topics: Biomedical Research; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Microbial Viability; Plasma Gases; Review Literature as Topic
PubMed: 31250588
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-028 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Sep 2021A review of African swine fever (ASF) was conducted, including manifestations of disease, its transmission and environmental persistence of ASF virus. Findings on... (Review)
Review
A review of African swine fever (ASF) was conducted, including manifestations of disease, its transmission and environmental persistence of ASF virus. Findings on infectious doses of contemporary highly-pathogenic strains isolated from outbreaks in Eastern Europe were included. Published data on disinfectant susceptibility of ASF virus were then compared with similar findings for selected other infectious agents, principally those used in the UK disinfectant approvals tests relating to relevant Disease Orders for the control of notifiable and zoonotic diseases of livestock. These are: swine vesicular disease virus, foot and mouth disease virus, Newcastle disease virus and serovar Enteritidis. The comparative data thus obtained, presented in a series of charts, facilitated estimates of efficacy against ASF virus for some UK approved disinfectants when applied at their respective General Orders concentrations. Substantial data gaps were encountered for several disinfectant agents or classes, including peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds and products based on phenols and cresols.
Topics: African Swine Fever; African Swine Fever Virus; Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Europe, Eastern; Swine; United Kingdom
PubMed: 34477547
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001410 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022This review examines the role of chlorine dioxide (ClO) on inorganic compounds and cell biomolecules. As a disinfectant also present in drinking water, ClO helps to... (Review)
Review
This review examines the role of chlorine dioxide (ClO) on inorganic compounds and cell biomolecules. As a disinfectant also present in drinking water, ClO helps to destroy bacteria, viruses, and some parasites. The Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulates the maximum concentration of chlorine dioxide in drinking water to be no more than 0.8 ppm. In any case, human consumption must be strictly regulated since, given its highly reactive nature, it can react with and oxidize many of the inorganic compounds found in natural waters. Simultaneously, chlorine dioxide reacts with natural organic matter in water, including humic and fulvic acids, forming oxidized organic compounds such as aldehydes and carboxylic acids, and rapidly oxidizes phenolic compounds, amines, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, as well as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH, responsible for electron and proton exchange and energy production in all cells. The influence of ClO on biomolecules is derived from its interference with redox processes, modifying the electrochemical balances in mitochondrial and cell membranes. This discourages its use on an individual basis and without specialized monitoring by health professionals.
Topics: Humans; Drinking Water; Chlorine Compounds; Oxides; Oxidation-Reduction; Disinfectants; Water Purification; Chlorine; Disinfection
PubMed: 36555303
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415660 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Jan 2021The most notable microbial survival models of disinfection kinetics are the original and modified versions of the static Chick-Watson-Hom's (CWH) initially developed for... (Review)
Review
The most notable microbial survival models of disinfection kinetics are the original and modified versions of the static Chick-Watson-Hom's (CWH) initially developed for water chlorination. They can all be viewed as special cases of the Weibull survival model, where the observed static curve is the cumulative form (CDF) of the times at which the individual targeted microbes succumb to the treatment. The CWH model time's exponent is the distribution's shape factor, and its concentration-dependent rate parameter represents the distribution's scale factor's reciprocal. Theoretically, the concentration- dependence of the Weibull model's rate parameter need not to be always in a form of a power-law relationship as the CWH model requires, and two possible alternatives are presented. Apart from being chemically reactive, most chemical disinfectants are also volatile, and their effective concentration rarely remains constant. However, the published dynamic versions of the original CWH model are mathematically incongruent with their static versions. The issue is nonexistent in the dynamic version of the Weibull or other distribution-based models, provided that the momentary inactivation rate is expressed as the static rate at the momentary concentration, at the time that corresponds to the momentary survival ratio. The resulting model is an ordinary differential equation (ODE) whose numerical solution can describe survival curves under realistic regular and irregular disinfectant dissipation patterns, as well as during the disinfectant dispersion and/or its replenishment. KEY POINTS: • The Chick-Watson-Home models are treated as special cases of the Weibull distribution. • Dynamic microbial survival curve described as ordinary differential equation solution. • Survival rate models of disinfectant dissipation and replenishment patterns presented.
Topics: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Kinetics
PubMed: 33394150
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11042-8 -
Efficacy of biocidal agents and disinfectants against the monkeypox virus and other orthopoxviruses.The Journal of Hospital Infection Sep 2022The number of human monkeypox virus infections is increasing in many countries. The typical mode of transmission is by direct contact. As orthopoxviruses may stay... (Review)
Review
The number of human monkeypox virus infections is increasing in many countries. The typical mode of transmission is by direct contact. As orthopoxviruses may stay infectious on inanimate surfaces under laboratory conditions for up to 42 days, disinfection may be relevant in the surroundings of confirmed cases. The aim of this review was to evaluate published data on the antiviral efficacy of biocidal agents and disinfectants against the monkeypox virus and other orthopoxviruses. A Medline search was carried out on 5 June 2022. The terms 'monkeypox virus', 'poxvirus' and 'orthopoxvirus' were used in combination with 'disinfection'. Publications were included and results were extracted where they provided original data on any orthopoxvirus regarding its inactivation by disinfectants. Vaccinia viruses could be inactivated by at least 4 log in suspension tests and on artificially contaminated surfaces by 70% ethanol (≤1 min), 0.2% peracetic acid (≤10 min) and 1-10% of a probiotic cleaner (1 h), mostly shown with different types of organic load. Hydrogen peroxide (14.4%) and iodine (0.04-1%) were effective in suspension tests, sodium hypochlorite (0.25-2.5%; 1 min), 2% glutaraldehyde (10 min) and 0.55% orthophthalaldehyde (5 min) were effective on artificially contaminated surfaces. Copper (99.9%) was equally effective against vaccinia virus and monkeypox virus in 3 min. Disinfectants with efficacy data obtained in suspension tests and under practical conditions with different types of organic load resembling compounds of the blood, the respiratory tract and skin lesions are preferred for the inactivation of the monkeypox virus.
Topics: Animals; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Orthopoxvirus; Viruses
PubMed: 35777702
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.06.012 -
Chemosphere Apr 2022Chlorinated cyanurates (CCAs) are a type of disinfectants currently used worldwide for fight of Coronavirus. However, CCAs upon dosed into water can release not only...
Chlorinated cyanurates (CCAs) are a type of disinfectants currently used worldwide for fight of Coronavirus. However, CCAs upon dosed into water can release not only free chlorine (FC), a strong disinfectant, but also cyanurate (CYA), a persistent compound potentially harmful to human and environment. Therefore, detecting CYA and FC in water are very important not only for ensuring sufficient disinfection but also for monitoring the impacts of FC and CYA on receiving watershed. However, conventional analytical methods for them are mostly based on colorimetric methods, which have high method detection limits (MDLs) and rely on chemical reactions that are likely sensitive to coexisting chemicals. To overcome these issues, we herein proposed a facile and reaction-free method to detect CYA and FC together in just one run by ion chromatography (IC) equipped with both conductivity and ultraviolet absorbance detectors. The method features obvious advantages over colorimetric methods in being lower MDLs (3.6 μg/L for CYA and 9.0 μg/L for FC), environmental-friendly (i.e., no organic solvent involved), and more resistant to alkaline solution. With this method, trace levels of CYA (i.e., 34-44 μg/L), which were nondetectable by conventional method, were found in two river water samples, implying that the local environment was already polluted by CCAs during the pandemic period. Overall, this study demonstrates a robust tool that may assist better understanding and monitoring the fate and transport of trace CCA derivatives in water.
Topics: Chlorine; Chromatography; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Triazines
PubMed: 34952027
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133378