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Journal of Veterinary Research Dec 2022is an important zoonotic pathogen that affects milk production and quality and poses a threat to public health. Treatment of infections with this bacterium exploits...
INTRODUCTION
is an important zoonotic pathogen that affects milk production and quality and poses a threat to public health. Treatment of infections with this bacterium exploits antimicrobials, to which the resistance of is a growing problem. Addressing the possibility of a correlation between this pathogen's genetic factors for antimicrobial resistance and virulence, this study attempted to identify the relevant genes.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Antimicrobial resistance of isolated from 497 Chinese bovine mastitic milk samples was detected by the broth microdilution method. Eight drug resistance genes and eleven virulence genes were detected using PCR.
RESULTS
was 100% susceptible to rifampicin and vancomycin, 93.33% susceptible to sulfisoxazole and sulfamethoxazole, but 100% resistant to ≥3 of the 16 antimicrobial agents, thereby being multidrug resistant, with resistance to oxacillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, and gentamicin being common. The , and genes were carried by 73.33%, 66.67% and 60.00% of the strains, respectively. The carriage rates of the , , , and virulence genes were greater than 40%, and were not observed in any strain, and +++++ combined virulence gene patterns were the most commonly detected.
CONCLUSION
Antimicrobial resistance of is still a great concern for cattle health in China, and multidrug resistance coupled with the high positive rates of this bacterium's strains for virulence genes indicates the importance of surveillance and susceptibility tests.
PubMed: 36846045
DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0069 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022A total of 1,400 samples of food animals (pigs, chickens, and ducks) were collected between July and September 2019 in China to uncover the prevalence of and its...
A total of 1,400 samples of food animals (pigs, chickens, and ducks) were collected between July and September 2019 in China to uncover the prevalence of and its potential role in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). An isolation of was performed and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to uncover the genetic relationship. The AMR of isolates was comprehensively characterized using broth microdilution-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing, S1-PFGE, southern hybridization, whole-genome sequencing, and in-depth bioinformatics analysis. As a result, a total of 133 isolates were obtained. These isolates could be grouped into 41 PFGE subclades, suggesting a diverse genetic relationship. The resistance phenotypes of sulfafurazole (97.74%) and tetracycline (94.74%) were the most frequently found. Of the isolates, 51.88% were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive. Forty-three different AMR genes were revealed based on 25 genome sequences harboring Briefly, (6), (3'') and (A) genes were the most frequently observed, with the highest rate being 76.00% (19/25). Three -harboring plasmids were identified after Nanopore sequencing, including pTB31P1 (IncHI2-IncHI2A, 184,652 bp), pTB44P3 (IncI2, 62,882 bp), and pTB91P1 (IncHI2-IncHI2A, 255,882 bp). Additionally, 25 isolates harboring were clustered together with other isolates from different regions and sources available in GenBank, suggesting a possible random process of transmission in . In conclusion, is widespread in food animals in China and might be an important reservoir of AMR genes, especially and facilitate the evolution of AMR. , a member of the genus Escherichia, has been reported to transmit via the food chain and cause diseases in humans. However, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant , especially -positive isolates, has rarely been reported. Here, we collected 1,400 samples from food animals in three provinces of China and obtained 133 isolates (9.5%). We found that the prevalence of isolates was diverse, with high levels of antimicrobial resistance. Among them, 18.8% isolates carried the colistin resistance gene . Thus, may facilitate the evolution of colistin resistance as a reservoir of As far as we know, the prevalence and AMR of in the food animals in this study was first reported in China. These findings increase our understanding of the role of in public health and the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ducks; Escherichia; Escherichia coli Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Sulfisoxazole; Swine; Tetracycline
PubMed: 35138151
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01617-21 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Sep 2022This study aimed to identify tigecycline-resistant tet(X4)-bearing Escherichia fergusonii isolated from pigs in China with a complete genome sequence.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to identify tigecycline-resistant tet(X4)-bearing Escherichia fergusonii isolated from pigs in China with a complete genome sequence.
METHODS
E. fergusonii was isolated by selective medium and screened from tigecycline-supplemented agar plates. The microbroth dilution method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) results refer to the interpretation standard in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute of America (CLSI). Whole-genome sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiSeq and Nanopore GridION platforms. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes virulence genes and replicon types of plasmids were predicted by the CGE server.
RESULTS
E. fergusonii EF21QZZ116 was identified from 760 faecal and caecal content samples and was resistant to tigecycline, tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, spectinomycin, and florfenicol. The AMR genes tet(X4), bla, and floR are located on the hybrid IncFIA-IncHI1A-IncHI1B plasmid pQZZ166-tetX-190K and are 190 391 bp in length. This hybrid plasmid has high homology with the plasmids of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Salmonella based on comparison and analysis with the NCBI database. Notably, conjugative transfer and S1 nuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (S1-PFGE) assays show that the plasmid can transfer horizontally.
CONCLUSION
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. fergusonii carrying the tet(X4) gene isolated from a pig; this report provides insight into the AMR characteristics of E. fergusonii and offers insight into public health.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Plasmids; Swine; Tigecycline
PubMed: 35793774
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.06.029 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Jun 2021The aim of this study was to explore the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis cases.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to explore the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis cases.
METHODS
A total of 125 non-duplicate S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Ningxia, China, were characterised by antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular testing to determine the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics.
RESULTS
All methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were resistant to ampicillin, oxacillin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, gentamicin and clindamycin, with resistance to nine different categories of antibiotics observed amongst the MRSA isolates. Of the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates, 62.1% were resistant to ampicillin and sulfisoxazole. Nine clonal complexes (CCs) and 16 spa types were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing. The dominant CCs were CC97 (51.2%) and CC50 (30.4%), while t224 (30.4%), t518 (20.0%) and t359 (16.8%) were the most common spa types. A relatively high proportion (27.2%) of the S. aureus isolates belonged to ST4053, a novel sequence type identified in this study. In addition, two CC30 MSSA isolates and two CC59 MRSA isolates were positive for Panton-Valentine leukocidin, while one CC239 MRSA isolate and three CC5 MSSA isolates were positive for TSST-1. All MRSA isolates carried the immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes, including scn (100%; 9/9) and sak (100%; 9/9), which were classified into type E.
CONCLUSION
Our study indicates severe antibiotic resistance and complicated molecular characterisation of S. aureus causing bovine mastitis. Additional studies should be conducted to monitor infection and transmission of S. aureus.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Cattle; China; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 33866044
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.03.021 -
Heliyon Sep 2022Water pollution that is caused by dyes, bacteria and antibiotics, has resulted in a threat to living organisms, animals and humans, hence there is a need to synthesize...
Water pollution that is caused by dyes, bacteria and antibiotics, has resulted in a threat to living organisms, animals and humans, hence there is a need to synthesize multifunctional materials that can be used for the degradation of various pollutants. The aim of this study was to synthesize Iron oxide (FeO) NPs and test this material for photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial activity. The synthesis of Iron oxide (FeO) NPs was conducted using extract and characterised using UV-vis, XRD, BET, SEM, EDS and TGA. The material was then tested for its photocatalytic and antibacterial efficiency against methylene blue dye, antibiotic sulfisoxazole and bacterial strains. XRD confirmed the formation of FeO NPs. UV-vis gave optical information whereby an excitation at 320 nm and a bandgap of 3.74 eV was noted. The deposition of the phytochemicals onto the FeO NPs was demonstrated using FTIR. From the surface analysis, the morphology of the synthesized NPs was found to be rod like and mesoporous. Upon testing for methylene blue degradation, the FeO NPs were more potent under basic conditions (pH 12) and the O radicals were found to be the species responsible for the degradation. Against sulfisoxazole, a 60% degradation was observed. Lastly, when testing these materials against bacterial strains found in tap, pond, river and sewage water, they were potent in particular against gram positive strains. These results show that at optimum conditions, these materials are able to degrade various pollutants in wastewater.
PubMed: 36105454
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10536 -
Veterinary World Dec 2022Domestic and wild animals are important reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to isolate from feces of domestic and wild animals at an...
Phylogenetic analysis and antibiotic resistance of isolated from wild and domestic animals at an agricultural land interface area of Salaphra wildlife sanctuary, Thailand.
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Domestic and wild animals are important reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to isolate from feces of domestic and wild animals at an agricultural land interface area of Salaphra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, and study the phylogenic characteristics and antibiotic resistance in these isolates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this cross-sectional, descriptive study, we randomly collected ground feces from free-ranging wild animals (deer and elephants) and domestic animals (cattle and goats). All fecal samples were inoculated onto MacConkey agar plates, and lactose-fermenting colonies were identified as . Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect antibiotic resistance and virulence genes.
RESULTS
We obtained 362 isolates from the collected fecal samples. The isolates were categorized into four phylogenetic groups according to the virulence genes (, , and ). Phylogenetic Group D was predominant in the deer (41.67%) and elephants (63.29%), whereas phylogenetic Group B1 was predominant in the cattle (62.31%), and phylogenetic Groups A (36.36%) and B2 (33.33%) were predominant in the goats. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that most antibiotic-resistant were isolated from domestic goats (96.96%). Among the 362 isolates, 38 (10.5%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic, 21 (5.8%) were resistant to two antibiotics, and 6 (1.66%) were resistant to three or more antibiotics. Ampicillin (AMP) was the most common antibiotic (48.48%) to which the were resistant, followed by tetracycline (TET) (45.45%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (3.03%). One isolate from an elephant was resistant to five antibiotics: AMP, amoxicillin, sulfisoxazole, TET, and ciprofloxacin. Determination of antibiotic resistance genes confirmed that isolates carried antibiotic resistance genes associated with phenotypic resistance to antibiotics. Most antibiotic-resistant belonged to phylogenic Groups A and B1, and most non-resistant belonged to phylogenic Groups B2 and D.
CONCLUSION
Monitoring isolates from wild and domestic animals showed that all four phylogenic groups of have developed antibiotic resistance and are potential sources of multidrug resistance. High levels of antibiotic resistance have been linked to domestic animals. Our results support strengthening surveillance to monitor the emergence and effects of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in animals.
PubMed: 36718336
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2800-2809 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2023Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in foods has been associated with severe infections in humans and animals worldwide. In the present study, the...
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in foods has been associated with severe infections in humans and animals worldwide. In the present study, the molecular characteristics of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and human-associated MRSA (hMRSA) isolates obtained in China, as well as MRSA isolates obtained from raw milk in 2018, were investigated. In total, 343 (20.38%; 343/1,683) S. aureus isolates were obtained from 1,683 raw milk samples from 100 dairy farms in 11 provinces across China. Among these, 49 (2.91%; 49/1,683) were -positive MRSA. All LA-MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin and highly resistant to erythromycin, sulfisoxazole, and clindamycin. Bioinformatic analysis the 49 genomes of LA-MRSA and 71 previously published hMRSA genomes isolated from Chinese individuals in 2018 indicated that , , , , (K), and were more prevalent in MRSA from raw milk (0.05) compared to hMRSA. Additionally, hMRSA isolates were more significantly associated with ST5 (0.01) compared to LA-MRSA; in contrast, ST338 was more prevalent among LA-MRSA isolates (0.01). Likewise, the SCC type II was only detected in hMRSA isolates, whereas SCC type V and IV were more prevalent among LA-MRSA (0.01). Furthermore, core-genome phylogenetic analysis showed the endemic characteristics of LA-MRSA in local provinces, as well as the close evolutionary relationships between MRSA from cattle and humans. Finally, homology analysis of and genetic contexts revealed a high possibility of horizontal transmission of MRSA resistance genes among raw milk-associated and hMRSA strains, which increases the risk for public health. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered a public health concern as it is resistant to multiple antibiotics, thus being in zoonotic transmission of antibiotic resistance genes. MRSA causes serious public health issues and leads to hard-to-treat infections in humans and animals; therefore, it was meaningful to determine the prevalence of MRSA in raw milk samples and investigate phenotype and genotype of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics in livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and human-associated MRSA (hMRSA) in China, which could provide a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the spread of MRSA between livestock and humans.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus aureus; Milk; Phylogeny; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 37260406
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00311-23 -
Microbiology Spectrum May 2024A total of 334 isolates were recovered from 6,223 pet rectal samples collected at 50 pet clinics, 42 pet shops, 7 residential areas, and 4 plazas. Forty serovars were...
A total of 334 isolates were recovered from 6,223 pet rectal samples collected at 50 pet clinics, 42 pet shops, 7 residential areas, and 4 plazas. Forty serovars were identified that included all strains except for one isolate that did not cluster via self-agglutination, with Typhimurium monophasic variant, Kentucky, Enteritidis, Pomona, and Give being the predominant serovars. Fifty-one sequence types were identified among the isolates, and ST198, ST11, ST19, ST451, ST34, and ST155 were the most common. The top four dominant antimicrobials to which isolates were resistant were sulfisoxazole, ampicillin, doxycycline, and tetracycline, and 217 isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The prevalence of β-lactamase genes in isolates was 59.6%, and among these isolates, 185 harbored , followed by (66) and (10). Moreover, six PMQR genes, namely, including (4.8%), (4.2%), (0.9%), (18.9%), (16.5%), and (1.5%), were detected. QRDR mutations (76.6%) were very common in isolates, with the most frequent mutation in (T57S) (47.3%). Furthermore, we detected six tetracycline resistance genes in 176 isolates, namely, (A) (39.5%), (B) (8.1%), (M) (7.7%), (D) (5.4%), (J) (3.3%), and (C) (1.8%), and three sulfonamide resistance genes in 303 isolates, namely, (84.4%), (31.1%), and (4.2%). Finally, we found 86 isolates simultaneously harboring four types of resistance genes that cotransferred 2-7 resistance genes to recipient bacteria. The frequent occurrence of antimicrobial resistance, particularly in dogs and cats, suggests that antibiotic misuse may be driving multidrug-resistant among pets.IMPORTANCEPet-associated human salmonellosis has been reported for many years, and antimicrobial resistance in pet-associated has become a serious public health problem and has attracted increasing attention. There are no reports of from pets and their antimicrobial resistance in Chongqing, China. In this study, we investigated the prevalence, serovar diversity, sequence types, and antimicrobial resistance of strains isolated from pet fecal samples in Chongqing. In addition, β-lactamase, QRDR, PMQR, tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes, and mutations in QRDRs in isolates were examined. Our findings demonstrated the diversity of serovars and sequence types of isolates. The isolates were widely resistant to antimicrobials, notably with a high proportion of multidrug-resistant strains, which highlights the potential direct or indirect transmission of multidrug-resistant from pets to humans. Furthermore, resistance genes were widely prevalent in the isolates, and most of the resistance genes were spread horizontally between strains.
PubMed: 38757951
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03542-23 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022In the USA, subspecies serovar Senftenberg is among the top five serovars isolated from food and the top 11 serovars isolated from clinically ill animals. Human...
In the USA, subspecies serovar Senftenberg is among the top five serovars isolated from food and the top 11 serovars isolated from clinically ill animals. Human infections are associated with exposure to farm environments or contaminated food. The objective of this study was to characterize Senftenberg isolates from production animals by analyzing phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, genomic features and phylogeny. Senftenberg isolates (n = 94) from 20 US states were selected from NVSL submissions (2014-2017), tested against 14 antimicrobial drugs, and resistance phenotypes determined. Resistance genotypes were determined using whole genome sequencing analysis with AMRFinder and the NCBI and ResFinder databases with ABRicate. Plasmids were detected using PlasmidFinder. Integrons were detected using IntFinder and manual alignment with reference genes. Multilocus-sequence-typing (MLST) was determined using ABRicate with PubMLST database, and phylogeny was determined using vSNP. Among 94 isolates, 60.6% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 39.4% showed multidrug resistance. The most prevalent resistance findings were for streptomycin (44.7%), tetracycline (42.6%), ampicillin (36.2%) and sulfisoxazole (32.9%). The most commonly found antimicrobial resistance genes were (6')-Iaa (100%), (3″)-Ib and (6)-Id (29.8%) for aminoglycosides, followed by (26.6%) for penicillins, 1 (25.5%) and 2 (23.4%) for sulfonamides and A (23.4%) for tetracyclines. Quinolone-resistant isolates presented mutations in A and/or C genes. Class 1 integrons were found in 37 isolates. Thirty-six plasmid types were identified among 77.7% of the isolates. Phylogenetic analysis identified two distinct lineages of Senftenberg that correlated with the MLST results. Isolates were classified into two distinct sequence types (ST): ST14 (97.9%) and ST 185 (2.1%). The diversity of this serotype suggests multiple introductions into animal populations from outside sources. This study provided antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic characteristics of Senftenberg clinical isolates from production animals in the USA during 2014 to 2017. This study will serve as a base for future studies focused on the phenotypic and molecular antimicrobial characterization of Senftenberg isolates in animals. Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance to detect emergence of multidrug-resistant strains is critical.
PubMed: 36406424
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979790 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022() is an opportunistic pathogen, which causes serious infections in humans and animals. To investigate the antimicrobial resistance pattern and virulence profile of , a...
() is an opportunistic pathogen, which causes serious infections in humans and animals. To investigate the antimicrobial resistance pattern and virulence profile of , a total of 887 samples were collected from both the healthy and mastitis cows and the bedding, feed, feces, air, drinking water, spraying water, washing water, and milk cup swabs from five dairy farms in Hubei, China, during 2019 and 2020. was isolated and identified using PCR of the and 16S rDNA sequencing. A genotypic characterization was performed for isolates using typing multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Antimicrobial resistances were confirmed using broth microdilution against 17 antimicrobial agents and resistance and virulence genes were determined by PCR. The prevalence of was 26.94% (239/887) distributed in 101 allele types (199/239, 83.26%) and 100 sequence types (STs) (209/239, 87.45%), including 5 new allele type and 25 new STs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolated from milk, nipple swab, feed, and feces is classified in the same clone complex. By comparing with the PubMLST database, at least 67 STs have the risk of spreading in different species and regions. Interestingly, 60 STs have been isolated from humans. The isolates were highly sensitive to meropenem and colistin, but resistant to ampicillin (100%), sulfisoxazole (94.56%), cephalothin (47.28%), streptomycin (30.13%), and so on. Noteworthy, multidrug-resistant (MDR) rate was found to be 43.93% in this study. By PCR, 30 of 68 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were identified; the prevalence rate of , , , , , and was more than 50%. Eleven -producing were found. The detection rate of , , , , , , , and was over 85%. This study reinforces the epidemiological importance of in food-producing animals in Hubei. The emergence and spread of environmental MDR may pose a potential threat to food safety and public health.
PubMed: 35602033
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.858799