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MBio Feb 2021Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a nonenveloped single-stranded DNA parvovirus, causes mild to life-threatening respiratory tract infections, acute otitis media, and...
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a nonenveloped single-stranded DNA parvovirus, causes mild to life-threatening respiratory tract infections, acute otitis media, and encephalitis in young children. HBoV1 often persists in nasopharyngeal secretions for months, hampering diagnosis. It has also been shown to persist in pediatric palatine and adenoid tonsils, which suggests that lymphoid organs are reservoirs for virus spread; however, the tissue site and host cells remain unknown. Our aim was to determine, in healthy nonviremic children with preexisting HBoV1 immunity, the adenotonsillar persistence site(s), host cell types, and virus activity. We discovered that HBoV1 DNA persists in lymphoid germinal centers (GCs), but not in the corresponding tonsillar epithelium, and that the cell types harboring the virus are mainly naive, activated, and memory B cells and monocytes. Both viral DNA strands and both sides of the genome were detected, as well as infrequent mRNA. Moreover, we showed, in B-cell and monocyte cultures and tonsillar B cells, that the cellular uptake of HBoV1 occurs via the Fc receptor (FcγRII) through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). This resulted in viral mRNA transcription, known to occur exclusively from double-stranded DNA in the nucleus, however, with no detectable productive replication. Confocal imaging with fluorescent virus-like particles moreover disclosed endocytosis. To which extent the active HBoV1 GC persistence has a role in chronic inflammation or B-cell maturation disturbances, and whether the virus can be reactivated, will be interesting topics for forthcoming studies. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a common pediatric respiratory pathogen, can persist in airway secretions for months hampering diagnosis. It also persists in tonsils, providing potential reservoirs for airway shedding, with the exact location, host cell types, and virus activity unknown. Our study provides new insights into tonsillar HBoV1 persistence. We observed HBoV1 persistence exclusively in germinal centers where immune maturation occurs, and the main host cells were B cells and monocytes. In cultured cell lines and primary tonsillar B cells, we showed the virus uptake to be significantly enhanced by HBoV1-specific antibodies, mediated by the cellular IgG receptor, leading to viral mRNA synthesis, but without detectable productive replication. Possible implications of such active viral persistence could be tonsillar inflammation, disturbances in immune maturation, reactivation, or cell death with release of virus DNA, explaining the long-lasting HBoV1 airway shedding.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antibody-Dependent Enhancement; B-Lymphocytes; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA, Viral; Endosomes; Germinal Center; Human bocavirus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Palatine Tonsil; Parvoviridae Infections; Young Adult
PubMed: 33531399
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.03132-20 -
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Dec 2009Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly recognized human parvovirus first reported... (Review)
Review
Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly recognized human parvovirus first reported in 2005. Since its discovery, this virus has been associated with upper and lower respiratory tract disease and gastroenteritis worldwide. This article is a comprehensive review of what is known about HBoV. It includes an evaluation of diagnostic modalities, symptoms occurring in affected patients, and a discussion as to whether HBoV is responsible for identified clinical manifestations. The article reviews the incidence and effect of coinfection and updates on related members (HBoV-2 and HBoV-3) recently reported. Understanding of respiratory viruses such as HBoV remains vitally important to the health of adult and pediatric patients.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Human bocavirus; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Seasons; Virus Cultivation
PubMed: 19892229
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2009.07.010 -
PLoS Pathogens Jun 2022Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a member of the genus Bocaparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae, causes acute respiratory tract infections in young children....
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a member of the genus Bocaparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae, causes acute respiratory tract infections in young children. Well-differentiated pseudostratified human airway epithelium cultured at an air-liquid interface (HAE-ALI) is an ideal in vitro culture model to study HBoV1 infection. Unique to other parvoviruses, bocaparvoviruses express a small nonstructured protein NP1 of ~25 kDa from an open reading frame (ORF) in the center of the viral genome. NP1 plays an important role in viral DNA replication and pre-mRNA processing. In this study, we performed an affinity purification assay to identify HBoV1 NP1-inteacting proteins. We identified that Ku70 and RPA70 directly interact with the NP1 at a high binding affinity, characterized with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 95 nM and 122 nM, respectively. Furthermore, we mapped the key NP1-interacting domains of Ku70 at aa266-439 and of RPA70 at aa181-422. Following a dominant negative strategy, we revealed that the interactions of Ku70 and RPA70 with NP1 play a significant role in HBoV1 DNA replication not only in an in vitro viral DNA replication assay but also in HBoV1-infected HAE-ALI cultures. Collectively, our study revealed a novel mechanism by which HBoV1 NP1 enhances viral DNA replication through its direct interactions with Ku70 and RPA70.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Human bocavirus; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Virus Replication
PubMed: 35653410
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010578 -
Viruses Dec 2014Porcine bocavirus is a recently discovered virus that infects pigs and is classified within the Bocavirus genus (family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae). The viral... (Review)
Review
Porcine bocavirus is a recently discovered virus that infects pigs and is classified within the Bocavirus genus (family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae). The viral genome constitutes linear single-stranded DNA and has three open reading frames that encode four proteins: NS1, NP1, VP1, and VP2. There have been more than seven genotypes discovered to date. These genotypes have been classified into three groups based on VP1 sequence. Porcine bocavirus is much more prevalent in piglets that are co-infected with other pathogens than in healthy piglets. The virus can be detected using PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, cell cultures, indirect immunofluorescence, and other molecular virology techniques. Porcine bocavirus has been detected in various samples, including stool, serum, lymph nodes, and tonsils. Because this virus was discovered only five years ago, there are still many unanswered questions that require further research. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge and primary research achievements regarding porcine bocavirus.
Topics: Animals; Bocavirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 25514206
DOI: 10.3390/v6124946 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Jan 2014Asthma is a multifactorial disease in which many factors play a role in its development and exacerbations. Viral infections are known to be the main cause of asthmatic... (Review)
Review
Asthma is a multifactorial disease in which many factors play a role in its development and exacerbations. Viral infections are known to be the main cause of asthmatic exacerbations and are often the first manifestation of asthma in preschool age. However, there is much evidence suggesting a role of viral infections even in asthma development. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). has been first associated with an increased risk to develop asthma, but recently new viruses have been proposed to be involved in asthma pathogenesis. Further studies will be needed to demonstrate a causative role of viral infections in asthma development, in order to implement preventive strategies in high-risk children.
Topics: Asthma; Human bocavirus; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Orthomyxoviridae; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Rhinovirus; Risk Factors
PubMed: 24389140
DOI: 10.2741/e689 -
PloS One 2021Canine bocaviruses (CBoVs) have been recognized as pathogens associated with intestinal diseases. Hematogenous spreading caused by CBoV has been documented and may...
Canine bocaviruses (CBoVs) have been recognized as pathogens associated with intestinal diseases. Hematogenous spreading caused by CBoV has been documented and may potentiate the virus entry across the blood-brain barrier to initiate a brain infection. This study focused attention on CBoV detection in cases of encepahlopathy and attempted to determine its viral localization. A total of 107 dog brains that histologically exhibited encephalopathy (ED) were investigated for the presence of CBoVs using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty-three histologically normal brain samples from dogs were used as a control group (CD). CBoV-2 was detected in 15 ED dogs (14.02%) but not in CD dogs (p = 0.02), while no CBoV-1 and -3 were detected. Among the CBoV-2 positive dogs, brain histological changes were characterized by nonsuppurative encephalitis, with inclusion body-like materials in some brains. In situ hybridization (ISH) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the presence of CBoV-2 viral particles in glial cells, supporting neurotropism of this virus. ISH signals were also detected in the intestines, lymphoid organs, and the heart, suggesting both enteral and parenteral infections of this virus. Whole genome characterization and evolutionary analysis revealed genetic diversity of CBoV-2 sequences and it was varying among the different countries where the virus was detected. This study points to a possible association of CBoV-2 with encephalopathy in dogs. It also highlights the genetic diversity and cellular tropism of this virus.
Topics: Animals; Bocavirus; DNA Viruses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 34383794
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255425 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jul 2022Rat bocavirus (RBoV) and rodent bocavirus (RoBoV) have previously been detected in Rattus norvegicus; however, these viruses have not been reported in rodent populations...
Rat bocavirus (RBoV) and rodent bocavirus (RoBoV) have previously been detected in Rattus norvegicus; however, these viruses have not been reported in rodent populations in Malaysia. We investigated the presence of RBoV and RoBoV in archived rodent specimens. DNA barcoding of the rodent cytochrome c oxidase gene identified five different species: Rattus tanezumi R3 mitotype, Rattus tiomanicus, Rattus exulans, Rattus argentiventer, and Rattus tanezumi sensu stricto. Three spleens were positive for RBoV (1.84%; 3/163), but no RoBoV was detected. Phylogenetic analyzes of the partial non-structural protein 1 gene grouped Malaysian RBoV strains with RBoV strains from China. Further studies among rats from different geographical locations are warranted for this relatively new virus.
Topics: Animals; Bocavirus; Malaysia; Phylogeny; Rats; Rodentia
PubMed: 35584942
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0037 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Feb 2011Human bocavirus 2(HBoV2) and other human bocavirus species (HBoV, HBoV3, and HBoV4) have been discovered recently. But the precise phylogenetic relationships among these...
BACKGROUND
Human bocavirus 2(HBoV2) and other human bocavirus species (HBoV, HBoV3, and HBoV4) have been discovered recently. But the precise phylogenetic relationships among these viruses are not clear yet.
METHODS
We collected 632 diarrhea and 162 healthy children in Lanzhou, China. Using PCR, Human bocavirus (HBoV), HBoV2, HBoV3 and HBoV4 were screened. The partial genes of NS, NP1 and VP, and two nearly complete sequences of HBoV2 were obtained.
RESULT
Phylogenetic analysis showed the different genes of HBoV2 strain were homogenous with different reference strains. HBoV3 may be a recombinant derived from HBoV and HBoV4. We also observed that the VP1 and VP2 region of HBoV3 is as similar to HBoV2 as to HBoV4.
CONCLUSIONS
A single genetic lineage of HBoV2 is circulating in children with and without gastroenteritis in Lanzhou, China. Current evidence in this study was not enough to support recombination between HBoV2 strains, and HBoV3 may be a recombinant between HBoV and the common ancestor of HBoV2 and HBoV4.
Topics: Child, Preschool; China; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Viral; Diarrhea; Evolution, Molecular; Human bocavirus; Humans; Infant; Molecular Sequence Data; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Recombination, Genetic; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 21345238
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-50 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Jul 2012Viral pneumonia, which is typically associated with disease in childhood, is increasingly recognized as causing problems in adults. Certain viruses, such as influenza... (Review)
Review
Viral pneumonia, which is typically associated with disease in childhood, is increasingly recognized as causing problems in adults. Certain viruses, such as influenza virus, can attack fully immunocompetent adults, but many viruses take advantage of more-vulnerable patients. The latter include patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy and elderly subjects, particularly those residing in long-term care facilities. The range of viruses producing pneumonia in adults includes common agents, such as varicella-zoster virus and influenza virus, as well as respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, adenoviruses, picornaviruses, and coronaviruses. The roles played by other agents, such as rhinoviruses and human bocaviruses, in pneumonia are still under study. While therapy for most of theses agents, at least in adults, has not yet been fully clarified, it is reasonable to assume antivirals may work in certain situations if they are introduced early enough in the course of infection.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adult; Child; Epidemics; Humans; Influenza, Human; Pneumonia, Viral; RNA Viruses
PubMed: 22423119
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis297 -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Mar 2018Lower respiratory tract illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, however, information about the epidemiological and clinical...
BACKGROUND
Lower respiratory tract illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, however, information about the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of LRTIs caused by HMPV and HBoV in China is limited.
OBJECTIVES
Human bocavirus (HBoV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are two important viruses for children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). We aimed to assay the correlation between viral load and clinical characteristics of HBoV and HMPV with LRTI in Changsha, China.
METHODS
Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from children with LRTI were collected. Real-time PCR was used to screen HBoV and HMPV. Analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 software.
RESULTS
Pneumonia was the most frequent diagnosis. There was no significant difference between HBoV- and HMPV-positive patients in age (P = .506) or hospitalization duration (P = .280); 24.1% and 18.2% were positive for HBoV and HMPV. HBoV infections peaked in summer (32.2%), and HMPV infections peaked in winter (28.9%). The HBoV-positive patients had a shorter hospitalization duration than the HBoV-negative patients (P = .021), and the HMPV-positive patients had a higher prevalence of fever than the HMPV-negative patients (P = .002). The HBoV viral load was significantly higher among patients aged <1 year (P = .006). The mean HBoV and HMPV viral loads were not significantly different between patients with single infections and coinfections. Patients infected with HBoV only were older than those coinfected with HBoV and other respiratory viruses (P = .005). No significant difference was found in the clinical characteristics of patients infected with HMPV only and those coinfected with HMPV and other respiratory viruses.
CONCLUSION
Pneumonia was the most frequent diagnosis caused by HBoV and HMPV. Neither HBoV nor HMPV viral load was correlated with disease severity.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Distribution; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Coinfection; Female; Hospitalization; Human bocavirus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Length of Stay; Male; Metapneumovirus; Nasopharynx; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Parvoviridae Infections; Prevalence; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Seasons; Viral Load
PubMed: 29266860
DOI: 10.1111/irv.12535