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Recent Patents on Anti-infective Drug... Apr 2013In addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods, climate change is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity, altering the... (Review)
Review
In addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods, climate change is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity, altering the composition of global atmosphere. This phenomenon continues to be a significant and global threat for the humankind, and its impact compromises many aspects of the society at different levels, including health. The impact of climate change on zoonotic diseases has been largely ignored, particularly brucellosis. We here review some direct and indirect evidences of the impact of climate change and climate variability on brucellosis.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Climate Change; Humans; South America; Zoonoses
PubMed: 22873353
DOI: 10.2174/1574891x11308010003 -
Acta Medica Portuguesa Dec 1999Brucellosis is a zoonosis, reported for the first time in 1859 by Marston, in Malta. It has also been referred to as Mediterranean Fever, Malta Fever and Bang's disease.... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a zoonosis, reported for the first time in 1859 by Marston, in Malta. It has also been referred to as Mediterranean Fever, Malta Fever and Bang's disease. Its causative agent was isolated by David Bruce in 1886; this was Brucella melitensis: five different strains were later described: B. abortus, B. suis, B. ovis, B. neotomae and B. canis. Recently, in 1994, the isolation of Brucella was reported in marine mammals, eventually pathogenic to man and unofficially designated "B. maris". Human brucellosis is still a public health problem in countries where the infection has not been eradicated from the animal hosts. When manifested, human disease may assume different courses, widely known, but whose physiopathology is still not totally clear. Much is already known about the agent's molecular biology and in vitro behaviour, but, doubts persist about its in vivo activity, including in human infection. We review some aspects of brucellosis, focusing on the pathogenesis, and referring to new and potential diagnostic methods, therapy and prevention.
Topics: Brucellosis; Humans
PubMed: 10892434
DOI: No ID Found -
Infectious Diseases of Poverty May 2020Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis. It causes acute febrile illness and a potentially debilitating chronic infection in humans, and livestock infection has substantial...
Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis. It causes acute febrile illness and a potentially debilitating chronic infection in humans, and livestock infection has substantial socioeconomic impact. Over the past two decades, improvements have been made to better understand the various aspects of human and animal brucellosis. Meanwhile, especially in the developing world, immense challenges that remain in controlling and eradicating brucellosis are novel diagnostics tools and efficacious vaccines. Here, we will focus on the remarkable issues on epidemiological survey, as well as the priority and challenge of brucellosis in China. Brucellosis will be controlled with meaningful collaboration between local and public partnerships effectively applying a One Health framework.
Topics: Animals; Brucellosis; China; Humans; Neglected Diseases; One Health; Zoonoses
PubMed: 32448394
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00673-8 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Dec 2014Camel brucellosis has been diagnosed in all camel-rearing countries except Australia. In many countries the infection is on the rise in Old World camels (OWCs) due to... (Review)
Review
Camel brucellosis has been diagnosed in all camel-rearing countries except Australia. In many countries the infection is on the rise in Old World camels (OWCs) due to the uncontrolled trade of live animals. Knowledge of camelid brucellosis has increased over the last decade through field investigations, experimental infection trials and comprehensive laboratory testing. Infection with Brucella melitensis is frequent in OWCs and rare with B. abortus. New World Camels rarely contract brucellosis. In East African countries the seroprevalence of brucellosis can reach 40% (herd level) and depends on the management system. The highest incidence is found when camels are kept together with infected small ruminants. Only a combination of serological methods can detect all serological reactors. Culturing the pathogen is still the preferred test method, although several assays based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed.
Topics: Animals; Brucellosis; Camelus; Global Health; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 25812208
DOI: 10.20506/rst.33.3.2322 -
International Journal of Infectious... Apr 2012Although almost a century has gone by since its first description in the country, Turkey has not been able to eradicate brucellosis, which remains a major public health... (Review)
Review
Although almost a century has gone by since its first description in the country, Turkey has not been able to eradicate brucellosis, which remains a major public health problem. In this review, we give an overview of the epidemiological and epizootic status of brucellosis in Turkey. Although little readily accessible data concerning the epidemiology of brucellosis in Turkey are available, the limited official and published data were analyzed. Despite being endemic in Turkey, brucellosis remains under-diagnosed and under-reported. Adherence to traditional farming practices and lifestyles and the consumption of fresh dairy produce contribute to the high incidence of brucellosis. The successful implementation of a national brucellosis control program requires strong political will, good funding, and collaboration, especially between the public health and veterinary sectors. Primary healthcare workers should always keep the symptoms of acute and chronic brucellosis in mind when treating patients.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Incidence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Turkey; Virulence; Zoonoses
PubMed: 22333223
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.12.011 -
Croatian Medical Journal Aug 2010To describe and discuss the merits of various direct and indirect methods applied in vitro (mainly on blood or milk) or in vivo (allergic test) for the diagnosis of... (Review)
Review
AIM
To describe and discuss the merits of various direct and indirect methods applied in vitro (mainly on blood or milk) or in vivo (allergic test) for the diagnosis of brucellosis in animals.
METHODS
The recent literature on brucellosis diagnostic tests was reviewed. These diagnostic tests are applied with different goals, such as national screening, confirmatory diagnosis, certification, and international trade. The validation of such diagnostic tests is still an issue, particularly in wildlife. The choice of the testing strategy depends on the prevailing brucellosis epidemiological situation and the goal of testing.
RESULTS
Measuring the kinetics of antibody production after Brucella spp. infection is essential for analyzing serological results correctly and may help to predict abortion. Indirect ELISAs help to discriminate 1) between false positive serological reactions and true brucellosis and 2) between vaccination and infection. Biotyping of Brucella spp. provides valuable epidemiological information that allows tracing an infection back to the sources in instances where several biotypes of a given Brucella species are circulating. Polymerase chain reaction and new molecular methods are likely to be used as routine typing and fingerprinting methods in the coming years.
CONCLUSION
The diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock and wildlife is complex and serological results need to be carefully analyzed. The B. abortus S19 and B. melitensis Rev. 1 vaccines are the cornerstones of control programs in cattle and small ruminants, respectively. There is no vaccine available for pigs or for wildlife. In the absence of a human brucellosis vaccine, prevention of human brucellosis depends on the control of the disease in animals.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Brucella; Brucellosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Livestock; Mass Screening; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Public Health; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 20718082
DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2010.51.296 -
Drug Discovery Today Dec 2023Brucellosis, a zoonotic intracellular bacterial infection primarily transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected animals, remains a... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis, a zoonotic intracellular bacterial infection primarily transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected animals, remains a challenging condition to clinically control. This is mainly because of the limited effectiveness of conventional antibiotics in targeting intracellular Brucella. Micro- and nanoformulations of antibiotics, whether used as a mono- or combination therapy, have the potential to reduce the antibiotic doses required and treatment duration. Extensive research has been conducted on various organic, semiorganic, and inorganic nanomaterials with different morphologies, such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanotubes, nanowires, and nanobelts. Metal/metal oxide, lipidic, polymeric, and carbonic NPs have been widely explored to overcome the limitations of traditional formulations. In this review, we discuss the advances and challenges of these novel formulations based on recent investigations.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucellosis
PubMed: 37923166
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103809 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2012Since the first case of brucellosis detected in a dolphin aborted fetus, an increasing number of Brucella ceti isolates has been reported in members of the two suborders... (Review)
Review
Since the first case of brucellosis detected in a dolphin aborted fetus, an increasing number of Brucella ceti isolates has been reported in members of the two suborders of cetaceans: Mysticeti and Odontoceti. Serological surveys have shown that cetacean brucellosis may be distributed worldwide in the oceans. Although all B. ceti isolates have been included within the same species, three different groups have been recognized according to their preferred host, bacteriological properties, and distinct genetic traits: B. ceti dolphin type, B. ceti porpoise type, and B. ceti human type. It seems that B. ceti porpoise type is more closely related to B. ceti human isolates and B. pinnipedialis group, while B. ceti dolphin type seems ancestral to them. Based on comparative phylogenetic analysis, it is feasible that the B. ceti ancestor radiated in a terrestrial artiodactyl host close to the Raoellidae family about 58 million years ago. The more likely mode of transmission of B. ceti seems to be through sexual intercourse, maternal feeding, aborted fetuses, placental tissues, vertical transmission from mother to the fetus or through fish or helminth reservoirs. The B. ceti dolphin and porpoise types seem to display variable virulence in land animal models and low infectivity for humans. However, brucellosis in some dolphins and porpoises has been demonstrated to be a severe chronic disease, displaying significant clinical and pathological signs related to abortions, male infertility, neurobrucellosis, cardiopathies, bone and skin lesions, strandings, and death.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Cetacea; Fish Diseases; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny
PubMed: 22919595
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00003 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Feb 2022Brucellosis is a neglected bacterial zoonotic disease with substantial economic impact on households. Pastoral communities are a potential risk group due to their way of...
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis is a neglected bacterial zoonotic disease with substantial economic impact on households. Pastoral communities are a potential risk group due to their way of life being closely interlinked with their large livestock herds.
METHODOLOGY
A semi-structured questionnaire survey was conducted in households in the pastoral Afar and Somali (SRS) regions. All households had people and animals serologically tested for brucellosis. Questions were related to husbandry, consumption habits, and knowledge-attitude-practice towards the disease and zoonoses. Descriptive statistics and logistic analysis were performed to assess potential risk factors for having households with positive humans and/or animals.
RESULT
647 households were included in the survey. Herd brucellosis prevalence was 40.3 % (15.9-86.3 % in Afar; 4-72.2 % in SRS). Over half (56.3 %) of the households in Afar and 41.8 % in SRS had at least one human reactor. Nearly a quarter of the households (22.8 %), recalled abortions in goats in the last 12 months, whereas 52.5 % and 50.3 % recalled stillborn in all species and membrane retentions respectively. All respondents drank raw milk and discarded animal afterbirths in the direct surroundings with minimal protection. Risk factors for animal reactors were goat herd size, and goat abortion. There was no identified risk factor for having human reactors in households. None of the households knew about brucellosis.
CONCLUSION
Although being endemic in Afar and SRS, Brucellosis is not known by the pastoralists. Brucellosis control programs will have to be tailored to the pastoral context, accounting for their mobility, large, multi-species herds and habits.
Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Animals; Brucellosis; Ethiopia; Goat Diseases; Goats; Risk Factors; Somalia
PubMed: 34902652
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105557 -
Mathematical Biosciences and... Apr 2022Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella, and it is an important infectious disease all over the world. The prevalence of brucellosis in the Chinese mainland...
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella, and it is an important infectious disease all over the world. The prevalence of brucellosis in the Chinese mainland has some spatial characteristics besides the temporal trend in recent years. Due to the large-scale breeding of sheep and the frequent transportation of sheep in various regions, brucellosis spreads wantonly in pastoral areas, and human brucellosis spreads from traditional pastoral areas and semi-pastoral areas in the north to non-pastoral areas with low incidence in the south. In order to study the influence of sheep immigration on the epidemic transmission, a patch dynamics model was established. In each patch, the sub-model was composed of humans, sheep and Brucella. The basic reproduction number, disease-free equilibrium and positive equilibrium of the model were discussed. On the other hand, taking Shanxi Province and Hebei Province as examples, we carried out numerical simulations. The results show that the basic reproduction numbers of Shanxi Province and Hebei Province are 0.7497 and 0.5022, respectively, which indicates that the current brucellosis in the two regions has been effectively controlled. To reduce brucellosis faster in the two provinces, there should be a certain degree of sheep immigration from high-infection area to low-infection areas, and reduce the immigration of sheep from low-infection areas to high-infection areas.
Topics: Animals; Basic Reproduction Number; Brucella; Brucellosis; China; Epidemics; Sheep; Zoonoses
PubMed: 35603408
DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022300