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Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology 2011Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Brucella spp., a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that affects humans and animals, leading to... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Brucella spp., a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that affects humans and animals, leading to significant impact on public health and animal industry. Human brucellosis is considered the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis in the world and is characterized by fever, weight loss, depression, hepato/splenomegaly, osteoarticular, and genital infections. Relevant aspects of Brucella pathogenesis have been intensively investigated in culture cells and animal models. The mouse is the animal model more commonly used to study chronic infection caused by Brucella. This model is most frequently used to investigate specific pathogenic factors of Brucella spp., to characterize the host immune response, and to evaluate therapeutics and vaccines. Other animal species have been used as models for brucellosis including rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys. This paper discusses the murine and other laboratory animal models for human and animal brucellosis.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucella Vaccine; Brucellosis; Disease Models, Animal; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Mice; Rats
PubMed: 21403904
DOI: 10.1155/2011/518323 -
Ghana Medical Journal Sep 2021Brucellosis is one of the major health problems in many areas of the world, especially in the Mediterranean and the Middle East regions.
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis is one of the major health problems in many areas of the world, especially in the Mediterranean and the Middle East regions.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the epidemiological characteristics, clinical signs, and risk factors of relapse rate in patients with brucellosis, Qom Province, Iran.
METHODS
A descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 410 confirmed brucellosis cases in Qom Province, central Iran, from 2015 to 2019, based on epidemiological checklists and according to the Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted using Stata software version 14.
RESULTS
The relapse rate of brucellosis was 6.6% until nine months after starting the treatment, and all recurrent cases were infected by . Based on univariate logistic regression analysis, the delayed treatment and type species of were significant factors affecting the relapse of brucellosis. The relapse rates were 5.4%, 6.2%, and 20.0% in patients whose delayed treatments were <50, 51-150, and >151days, respectively. Based on the multiple logistic regression, it was observed that delayed treatment >50 days increased the rate of relapse more than four times.
CONCLUSION
The delayed initiation of treatment was a significant factor influencing the relapse of brucellosis; therefore, it is necessary to provide enough diagnostic and laboratory facilities, and people need to be educated about the signs and symptoms of the disease.
FUNDING
Funding for this research was provided by the Research and Technology Center of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
Topics: Brucellosis; Chronic Disease; Humans; Iran; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Treatment Failure
PubMed: 35950176
DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v55i3.5 -
The Journal of the American Board of... 2002Human brucellosis has a serious medical impact worldwide, and its eradication poses major difficulties. Although human brucellosis is relatively rare in the United... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Human brucellosis has a serious medical impact worldwide, and its eradication poses major difficulties. Although human brucellosis is relatively rare in the United States (approximately 100 cases per year), there is concern that this disease is largely underdiagnosed and underreported. Additionally, immigrants from endemic areas are arriving to this country, and Brucella species are considered to be biologic agents for terrorism. Human brucellosis affects all age-groups, and family physicians are not well versed in recognizing and treating this potentially life-threatening condition.
METHODS
A literature review from 1975 to 2001 was performed using the key words "human brucellosis," "zoonosis," and "bioterrorism."
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Appropriate antimicrobial therapy and duration of treatment of human brucellosis will reduce morbidity, prevent complications, and diminish relapses. Because of the nonspecific symptoms and rarity of human brucellosis in the United States, family physicians must acquire a detailed dietary and occupational history to diagnose the disease promptly. Family physicians must assume a responsible role in reporting this disease, as well as be aware of persons at high-risk for this disease and the potential sources of infection.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucellosis; Child; Female; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 12350062
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Apr 1981
Topics: Animals; Brucellosis; Humans; United Kingdom
PubMed: 6788124
DOI: No ID Found -
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Dec 2021Human brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease with up to 500,000 new cases each year. The major evasion mechanisms from the host immune system by Brucella are... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Human brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease with up to 500,000 new cases each year. The major evasion mechanisms from the host immune system by Brucella are restraint of complement pathway and Toll-like receptors signaling pathways, interference with efficient antigen presentation to CD4-positive T lymphocytes, selective subversion of autophagy pathways, inhibition of dendritic cell stimulation, inhibition of autophagolysosomal fusion, and macrophage apoptosis. Many molecular and cellular pathways contribute to brucellosis that microRNAs have a vital function in the immunopathogenesis of this disease. In this regard, these molecules apply for their roles by modulating various events like inflammatory reactions and immune defense. Recently, in the case of immunity to human brucellosis, it has been shown that microRNAs play an important role in immunity against these bacteria.
METHODS AND RESULTS
In this study, we tried to review the immune defense and immunopathogenesis of Brucella infection and highlight the current knowledge of the microRNAs in infected cells by Brucella pathogens. The recent findings suggest that the regulation of microRNAs expression is impaired during brucellosis infection, which may contribute to disease progression or inhibition by modulating immune responses against this pathogen.
CONCLUSIONS
The interplay between miRNAs and Brucella pathogens and the underlying process required comprehensive examination to unravel the novel therapeutic or diagnostic approaches.
Topics: Biomarkers; Brucella; Brucellosis; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 34449979
DOI: 10.1002/iid3.519 -
Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.... Apr 1954
Topics: Biomedical Research; Brucellosis
PubMed: 13155744
DOI: No ID Found -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases May 2019Brucellosis is regarded as a major zoonotic infection worldwide. Awareness and knowledge of brucellosis among occupational workers is considered an important aspect of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis is regarded as a major zoonotic infection worldwide. Awareness and knowledge of brucellosis among occupational workers is considered an important aspect of brucellosis control in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to explore the distributions of the pooled awareness level and the knowledge level of the disease worldwide.
METHODS
A meta-analysis was carried out to obtain pooled brucellosis awareness levels and knowledge levels of respondents regarding the zoonotic nature of brucellosis, mode of brucellosis transmission, and brucellosis symptoms in animals and humans. The analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines.
RESULTS
A total of seventy-nine original articles reporting the brucellosis awareness levels of in populations from 22 countries were assessed. The total pooled awareness level of brucellosis was 55.5%, and the pooled awareness levels regarding the zoonotic nature of brucellosis, mode of brucellosis transmission, signs of human brucellosis and signs of animal brucellosis were 37.6%, 35.9%, 41.6%, and 28.4% respectively. The pooled awareness level was higher than the brucellosis-related knowledge level. Subgroup analyses showed that no obvious differences in brucellosis awareness levels between high-risk populations in Asia and Africa. Health workers (including human health workers and veterinarians) had the greatest overall awareness and knowledge of human brucellosis. The overall awareness levels and knowledge levels of livestock owners (farmers) and herders were higher than those of dairy farmers and abattoir workers. In addition, awareness and knowledge levels were higher among people who were involved in bovine, caprine and ovine animal production or in caprine and ovine animal production than among people who were involved in only bovine animal production.
CONCLUSIONS
Insufficient awareness and knowledge of brucellosis were observed in the original studies conducted mainly in Asia and Africa. Interventions to improve public knowledge about brucellosis are urgently needed.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Asia; Awareness; Brucellosis; Farmers; Humans; Knowledge; Livestock; Observational Studies as Topic; Zoonoses
PubMed: 31048848
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007366 -
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Childhood Brucellosis in High-Risk Area of Western China.Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Mar 2022Childhood brucellosis presents various nonspecific clinical symptoms, and limited laboratory data exist for clinical diagnosis. A better understanding of these clinical...
Childhood brucellosis presents various nonspecific clinical symptoms, and limited laboratory data exist for clinical diagnosis. A better understanding of these clinical and laboratory characteristics can avoid clinical misdiagnosis and mistreatment. In this case-series study, a total of 78 children with a confirmed diagnosis of brucellosis were evaluated retrospectively. We observed that the incidence rate was high in the first two quarters every year. The most common symptom was fever. Osteoarticular involvement was found in 44.87% of the patients. Laboratory tests showed that the values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin, neutrophils (NEU), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and ferritin in childhood brucellosis with osteoarticular involvement had significant differences than those without osteoarticular involvement or control group (P < 0.05). Childhood brucellosis without osteoarticular involvement is often accompanied by decreased NEU and increased CRP and ALT compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05). The Receiver Operating Curves analysis revealed that NEU, CRP, and ALT could be used as adjunct parameters in the differential diagnosis of childhood brucellosis. These data suggest that clinical and laboratory characteristics are essential for every clinician and may have a complementary role in diagnosing childhood brucellosis.
Topics: Brucellosis; Child; Fever; Humans; Incidence; Laboratories; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34470971
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2021.388 -
PloS One 2022Brucellosis is listed as one of six priority zoonoses in Tanzania's One Health strategic plan which highlights gaps in data needed for the surveillance and estimation of...
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis is listed as one of six priority zoonoses in Tanzania's One Health strategic plan which highlights gaps in data needed for the surveillance and estimation of human brucellosis burdens. This study collected data on current testing practices and test results for human brucellosis in Arusha region, northern Tanzania.
METHODS
Retrospective data were extracted from records at 24 health facilities in Arusha region for the period January 2012 to May 2018. Data were captured on: the test reagents used for brucellosis, procurement and testing protocols, the monthly number of patients tested for brucellosis and the monthly number testing positive. Generalised linear mixed models were used to evaluate relationships between health facility characteristics and the probability that brucellosis testing was conducted in a given month, and the proportion of individuals testing positive.
RESULTS
Four febrile Brucella agglutination tests were used widely. The probability of testing for brucellosis in a given month was significantly associated with an interaction between year of testing and facility ownership. Test probability increased over time with more pronounced increases in privately owned as compared to government facilities. The proportion of individuals testing positive for brucellosis was significantly associated with facility type and district, with individuals tested in hospitals in Meru, Monduli and Ngorongoro districts more likely to test positive.
CONCLUSIONS
Febrile Brucella agglutination tests, known for their poor performance, were the mainstay of brucellosis testing at health facilities in northern Tanzania. The study indicates that historical data on human brucellosis in Arusha and other regions are likely to provide an inaccurate measure of true disease burden due to poor performance of the tests used and variation in testing practices. Measures to address these identified shortcomings could greatly improve quality of testing and surveillance data on brucellosis and ultimately inform prevention and control of this priority disease.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Health Facilities; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Tanzania
PubMed: 35320293
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265612 -
Annals of the Academy of Medicine,... Jul 2020Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease and a major cause of morbidity worldwide presenting with varying clinical manifestations. We aimed to investigate the...
INTRODUCTION
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease and a major cause of morbidity worldwide presenting with varying clinical manifestations. We aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and complications of brucellosis at the Van Training and Research Hospital from January 2018 to December 2018.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
210 patients with brucellosis were assessed retrospectively. The clinical histories and signs, laboratory findings, therapeutic features and complications of these patients were obtained by examining their medical files.
RESULTS
Of the 210 patients;, the most common symptoms were myalgia (87.6%), arthralgia (76.2%) and fever (72.4%). The most frequent clinical signs were fever (72.4%) and arthritis (21.9%). Out of 210 patients, standard tube agglutination (STA) tests were positive in 208 (99%). Osteoarticular involvement (34.3%) was common, and a combination of rifampicin and doxycycline was the most frequently used antimicrobial regimen.
CONCLUSION
It should be kept in mind that brucellosis may occur in patients presenting with fever, sweating, arthralgia and leukopenia, especially in endemic areas where dairy livestock is prevalent. People living in these areas should be educated about proper animal care and the handling of dairy products.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucellosis; Doxycycline; Fever; Humans; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33000109
DOI: No ID Found