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The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2023Camel brucellosis is a major public health concern in Sudan; however, there is no overall estimation of the prevalence of camel brucellosis in Sudan. Following the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Camel brucellosis is a major public health concern in Sudan; however, there is no overall estimation of the prevalence of camel brucellosis in Sudan. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this study aimed to perform a meta-analysis of 30 eligible studies published before December 31, 2022, with a total of 70059 dromedary camels, to estimate the pooled prevalence of camel brucellosis and its risk factors in Sudan. The random effect model was used for the final analysis due to the significantly high heterogeneity among the included studies, and the results showed that the overall pooled prevalence of camel brucellosis was 17%, with a confidence interval (CI) of 12%-21%. The prevalence was higher in males than females (54% vs. 46%) and in adults than youngling (77% vs. 23%). The prevalence also varied by region, with central and northern Sudan having the highest prevalence (24%), compared to other regions of Sudan. Moreover, the prevalence of camel brucellosis appeared to be decreasing over time. The current study concluded that camel brucellosis infection is still endemic in many areas of Sudan, with the disease being especially prevalent in central and northern Sudan. Thus, this study provides valuable information for the prevention and control of camel brucellosis in Sudan. However, the significant heterogeneity among the included studies should be taken into account when interpreting these results. Finally, to provide adequate information, research must be updated, and more research must be conducted in many regions of Sudan.
Topics: Male; Female; Animals; Camelus; Sudan; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Brucellosis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37584638
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2248233 -
Tropical Medicine & International... May 2017The most common form of transmitting human brucellosis is through contaminated food or direct contact with infected animals. Human-to-human transmission (HHT) has been... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The most common form of transmitting human brucellosis is through contaminated food or direct contact with infected animals. Human-to-human transmission (HHT) has been described as isolated case reports. The aim of this systematic review was to describe all cases of HHT of human brucellosis reported in the medical literature.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and Scielo databases using specific search terms published until March 2016. Two investigators independently determined study eligibility. All clinical data were evaluated to construct a table comprising the most important clinical aspects, age, gender, confirmed infection and detection method, transmission method and HHT confirmation and potential source of infection for human transmission. No statistical method was employed in this study.
RESULTS
The initial search resulted in 615 publications, but only 35 were included. 45 brucellosis HHT cases were identified. 61% of patients who acquired brucellosis from another human were <1 year old (newborn and breastfeeding). Other cases include sexual transmission, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplantation and aerosol from an infected patient. Most patients (40/45) presented symptoms upon diagnosis. Diagnostic tests included culture, molecular methods and serum testing.
CONCLUSION
Human brucellosis is a disease liable to transmission between humans by placental barrier, lactation, sexual and tissues such as blood and bone marrow. The indication for screening in tissue banks, transplants, blood and pregnancy is not yet established.
Topics: Blood Transfusion; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Breast Feeding; Brucella; Brucellosis; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 28196298
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12856 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Jan 2018In Canada, remains a potentially devastating infectious agent that is still considered uncommon, despite the increasing international movement of dogs. There may be a... (Review)
Review
In Canada, remains a potentially devastating infectious agent that is still considered uncommon, despite the increasing international movement of dogs. There may be a growing risk to the Canadian canine population due to a reliance on outdated seroprevalence studies and the lack of federal regulation. With the complex diagnostic and management challenges associated with a One Health approach is necessary to address the need for ongoing research, including updating canine and human seroprevalence rates in Canada, elucidating the pathogenesis, and determining the most appropriate treatment and prevention strategies. Clinical management decisions are often complicated by currently available treatment protocols, and health risks to both canine and human populations. This article integrates recent research focusing on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of and outlines current clinical management approaches.
Topics: Animals; Brucella canis; Brucellosis; Canada; Dog Diseases; Dogs
PubMed: 29302106
DOI: No ID Found -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Aug 2018Brucella canis infects dogs and humans. In dogs, it can cause reproductive failure; in humans, it can cause fever, chills, malaise, peripheral lymphadenomegaly, and...
Brucella canis infects dogs and humans. In dogs, it can cause reproductive failure; in humans, it can cause fever, chills, malaise, peripheral lymphadenomegaly, and splenomegaly. B. canis infection in dogs is underrecognized. After evaluating serologic data, transmission patterns, and regulations in the context of brucellosis in dogs as an underrecognized zoonosis, we concluded that brucellosis in dogs remains endemic to many parts of the world and will probably remain a threat to human health and animal welfare unless stronger intervention measures are implemented. A first step for limiting disease spread would be implementation of mandatory testing of dogs before interstate or international movement.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Brucella canis; Brucellosis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Global Health; Humans; Public Health; Sensitivity and Specificity; Zoonoses
PubMed: 30014831
DOI: 10.3201/eid2408.171171 -
International Journal of Infectious... Nov 2008Brucellosis is a systemic disease and may affect many organ systems. However, musculoskeletal involvement represents 10-85% of the focal complications. Involvement of... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a systemic disease and may affect many organ systems. However, musculoskeletal involvement represents 10-85% of the focal complications. Involvement of the spine is one of the most common localized forms of human brucellosis, especially in elderly patients. It is a destructive disease that requires a correct and early diagnosis, and immediate treatment. However, controversy remains over the optimal duration and antimicrobial regimen required for the treatment of spinal brucellosis. Relapses and sequelae are still reported. In recent years, in order to improve outcomes, alternative regimens have been investigated. However, the classical regimen (doxycycline, 100mg twice daily, for at least 12 weeks combined with streptomycin, 1g daily, for the first 2 or 3 weeks) remains the first choice of antibiotic therapy. Alternative therapies (rifampin, fluoroquinolones, co-trimoxazole) should be considered when adverse reactions or contraindications to the above drugs (ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, pregnancy, etc.) are reported.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucellosis; Humans; Incidence; Spinal Diseases; Spine; Spondylitis
PubMed: 18539496
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.03.014 -
Revista Do Instituto de Medicina... 2022Brucellosis is one of the most important and widespread bacterial zoonotic diseases worldwide, and it is transmitted to humans from various sources, including direct...
Brucellosis is one of the most important and widespread bacterial zoonotic diseases worldwide, and it is transmitted to humans from various sources, including direct contact with infected animals and the ingestion of contaminated products, including unpasteurized milk. There are only a few epidemiological studies on said disease in humans in Western Santa Catarina, a region instantiated by agriculture. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the epidemiological aspects of human brucellosis reported in Western Santa Catarina from 2013 to 2018. The data were provided by the Epidemiological Surveillance Board (Diretoria de Vigilancia Epidemiologica). The frequency of the disease in humans and the epidemiological profile of confirmed human cases were evaluated. Cases that were screened positive and those that were confirmed and submitted to the therapeutic protocol were analyzed. During the study period, 3,671 people were tested, of which 12.34% were screened positive (453/ 3,671) and 3.40% were confirmed (125/3,671). The year with the highest number of people testing positive was 2015 (123 cases), and 2018 was the year with the highest number of confirmed cases (39 cases). Confirmed cases predominated in males (48.8%), self-declared white (22.4%), aged 20-59 years old (60%), with incomplete primary education (22.4%), of rural origin (59.2%), with occupational contact with cattle (64.8%), engaged in professions directly linked to agricultural and livestock activities (55.5%), and who reported consumption of unpasteurized dairy products (59.2%). No seasonal variation was observed in case numbers. The results demonstrated that brucellosis is an endemic disease in Western Santa Catarina.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Brucellosis; Cattle; Humans; Male; Milk; Rural Population; Seasons
PubMed: 35674636
DOI: 10.1590/S1678-9946202264038 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2013Brucellosis is an ancient disease with host-specific evolutionary mechanisms that allow itto hide from or manipulate cellular immunity and achieve intracellular...
Brucellosis is an ancient disease with host-specific evolutionary mechanisms that allow itto hide from or manipulate cellular immunity and achieve intracellular persistence. The disease yields low fatality rates but can cause substantial disabilities. Zoonotic brucellosis remains widespread and neglected in many areas despite notable advances in science, technology, and management in the 19th and 20th Centuries. The burden appears to remain greatest, and yet most under-prioritised globally, amongst pastoral peoples and small-scale livestock farmers. Capacity building for zoonotic brucellosis diagnosis, surveillance, management, and treatment in developing countries faces numerous challenges. Adaptive risk management can provide a framework to build stakeholder support for addressing the complexities and uncertainties, and learning from management actions. The challenges and opportunities for brucellosis management must be recognised as fundamentally multivariate, multifaceted, and integrative; it is thus crucial for veterinary, public health, and wildlife/conservation professions to collaboratively develop, adopt and promulgate a brucellosis One Health paradigm.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Brucella; Brucellosis; Global Health; Health Education; Health Policy; Humans; Socioeconomic Factors; Zoonoses
PubMed: 23837384
DOI: 10.20506/rst.32.1.2195 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2021Brucellosis not only represents an important health restraint on livestock but also causes high economic losses in many developing countries worldwide. Despite... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis not only represents an important health restraint on livestock but also causes high economic losses in many developing countries worldwide. Despite considerable efforts made for the control of brucellosis, the disease is still spreading in many regions (such as the Middle East) where it represents one of the most important health hazards impacting both animals and humans. The present review aims to investigate the efficacy of veterinary control programs regarding brucellosis, with a special focus on current prevention, control, and eradication approaches. The reasons for unsuccessful control programs such as the absence of highly effective vaccines and non-certified bulls are also debated, to understand why the prevalence of brucellosis in livestock is not decreasing in many areas despite considerable efforts taken to date. The importance of governmental and regional investment in brucellosis control remains one of the main limiting factors owing to the limited budget allocated to tackle this disease. In this context, one health concept has generated novel comprehensive approaches with multiple economic implications across the livestock industry and public health. However, the implementation of such global preventive strategies appears to be a key issue for many endemic and low-income countries. According to the collected data, epidemiological contexts including management and trade systems along with well-defined agro-ecological zones should be evaluated in brucellosis endemic countries to improve milk production and to enhance the sustainability of the livestock sector at both national and regional levels.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Food Microbiology; Humans; Livestock; Milk; One Health; Vaccination; Zoonoses
PubMed: 33618618
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1894501 -
Annals of Saudi Medicine 2021Brucellosis, which has profound public health and economic consequences, is endemic to Saudi Arabia. is transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals or...
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis, which has profound public health and economic consequences, is endemic to Saudi Arabia. is transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals or by consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Manifestations of brucellosis are protean and require a combination of drugs to prevent the emergence of resistance. The WHO recommends the use of doxycycline with rifampicin or an aminoglycoside for brucellosis, but experts in Saudi Arabia prefer to avoid the use of rifampicin and aminoglycosides to lessen the possibility of emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
OBJECTIVES
Compare rifampicin and doxycycline in the treatment of human brucellosis versus various combinations of doxycycline, with either trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole), quinolones or aminoglycosides, and describe the clinical manifestations of brucellosis.
DESIGN
Retrospective medical record review.
SETTING
Single tertiary care center.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Diagnosis of brucellosis was based on positive serology by standard agglutination test (SAT), or isolation by culture of species from blood, body fluid or tissue.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Cure rate with the use of doxycycline in combination with either co-trimoxazole, quinolone or aminoglyco-sides in comparison to doxycycline/rifampicin and the clinical features of brucellosis.
SAMPLE SIZE
123.
RESULTS
In 118 (96%) patients, the median IgG/IgM antibody titers at diagnosis and at 6 and 12 months were 1:1280/1:1280, 1:640/1:640, and 1:320/1:160, respectively. There were no differences in outcome between treatment regimens, as evidenced by a significant decrease in SAT titers and symptom resolution within six months. Five (4%) patients relapsed from non-adherence to treatment, but responded well to a second course of treatment. Blood cultures were positive in 50 patients (41%) patients. Fever, arthralgia and back pain were the most common symptoms. Good serological and clinical responses were achieved in 96% of patients. Relapse in 4% (n=5) was due to self-reported non-adherence.
LIMITATIONS
Retrospective, relatively small sample size.
CONCLUSIONS
Doxycycline with co-trimoxazole is as efficacious as doxycycline/rifampicin in non-focal brucellosis and is preferred in countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucellosis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Saudi Arabia; Tertiary Care Centers; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33818142
DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2021.109 -
Veterinaria Italiana Dec 2022The presence of Brucella infections was documented in a large number of aquatic mammals, affecting wild animals living in oceans, seas, lakes and rivers within both... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The presence of Brucella infections was documented in a large number of aquatic mammals, affecting wild animals living in oceans, seas, lakes and rivers within both northern and southern hemispheres. Through meta‑regression analysis, this study provides acom prehensive view of the prevalence of Brucella spp. in aquatic mammals, identifying risksu bgroups as well as most common sampling and testing methods. Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis represent the main marine Brucella spp., with documented enzootic potential, for which information on standardized diagnostic methods for the implementation of efficient screening and monitoring programs is needed. A total of 71 articles investigating the occurrence of brucellosis in aquatic mammals have been reported since 1987. The prevalence of brucellosis in males (30.42%) was significantly higher than females (18.59%). The family of Delphinidae was the most studied among aquatic mammals with a total prevalence of 39.66%. Our meta‑regression analysis showed a strong and significant association between the prevalence of Brucella spp. in mammals and water temperature (C = 0.02, p value = 0.003), while no significant correlation was found with water salinity (C = ‑ 0.09; p value = 0.10). At least 130 species of aquatic mammals have been identified as potential hosts for Brucella spp. There is no systematic veterinary inspection and global or local requirements for the monitoring of brucellosis in aquatic mammals. The association of brucellosis prevalence and water temperature warrants further studies to assess the potential direct and indirect impacts of climate change on brucellosis in aquatic mammals. This study would help to determine the basis of adaptive management strategies in order to control enzootic brucellosis in wild aquatic mammals.
Topics: Female; Animals; Brucellosis; Mammals; Animals, Wild; Prevalence; Water
PubMed: 36586113
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.2427.14954.2