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Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2024Brucellosis is a commonly neglected zoonosis that remains a serious global public health concern. The epidemiological evolution of human brucellosis has considerably... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a commonly neglected zoonosis that remains a serious global public health concern. The epidemiological evolution of human brucellosis has considerably changed over the past few decades, and epidemic geography is continuously expanding. Human brucellosis is emerging and re-emerging, and is imported from areas where it is endemic due to travel, immigration, and international trade. The disease continues to be prevalent in Asia and Africa, including West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, and East Africa, with the highest incidence in Syria, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Iran, Algeria, and Kenya. Re-emerging cases are frequently recorded in places where brucellosis has been controlled, such as Bosnia, Herzegovina, Azerbaijan, and the USA. In countries with a high disease burden, disease control and eradication have been extremely difficult because of livestock farming being the only source of livelihood, unique religious beliefs regarding animals, nomadic lifestyle, and low socioeconomic levels. Interventions focused on protecting livestock keepers are needed, particularly for those assisting with goat and sheep births and the consumption of raw dairy products. Notably, in most countries with a high disease burden, each period of several years with a low incidence rate was followed by a subsequent increase in cases, highlighting the necessity of continuous investment and surveillance. In addition, advocacy for the inclusion of brucellosis as a globally mandated reported disease, strict restrictions on animal movement, mandated consumption of pasteurized milk, and health education are needed. This study will help form an evidence-based strategy for international organizations to curb the future spread of brucellosis.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Sheep; Commerce; Internationality; Brucellosis; Zoonoses; Goats; Kenya
PubMed: 38039063
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2290839 -
Indian Pediatrics Jun 2003A six years old female had high-grade fever and two episodes of focal convulsions. Systemic examination was normal. Widal test was repeatedly positive. MRI-brain showed...
A six years old female had high-grade fever and two episodes of focal convulsions. Systemic examination was normal. Widal test was repeatedly positive. MRI-brain showed bilateral cerebritis. Blood antibody titers against brucella were positive. She responded to 6 months therapy with doxycycline, rifampicin and gentamicin replaced with streptomycin after 21 days.
Topics: Brucellosis; Child; Female; Humans; Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 12824668
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Public Health 2021Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease of ruminants. It causes severe health problems in humans and significant economic loss. Only a limited number of studies have...
Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease of ruminants. It causes severe health problems in humans and significant economic loss. Only a limited number of studies have been conducted in Pakistan to determine the prevalence of human brucellosis and related risk factors. The objectives of the current cross-sectional study were to determine the prevalence of anti- antibodies in sera collected from symptomatic patients at three hospitals of Abbottabad using a commercial slide agglutination test (SAT) and to determine risk factors for brucellosis for these patients. Five hundred blood samples were collected. A questionnaire was filled in for each patient to obtain information on age, gender, living area, brucellosis associated symptoms, associated risk factors, pregnancy and abortion history. A total of 13.6% ( = 68) patients were found to be SAT positive and in 83.3% ( = 57) of these samples DNA was detected by genus specific RT-PCR for BCSP-31 gene. Statistical analysis was performed to determine odd ratios, risk ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and -values. The prevalence of brucellosis by SAT was reported to be higher in women (14.6%, = 44) than in men (12.1%, = 24). The age group 25-50 years was found to be at higher risk for brucellosis (14.5%, = 50) "animal contact" was reported as the main risk factor followed by "consumption of raw animal products." Out of 131 pregnant women and 21 patients had abortion, the seropositivity of Brucellosis was 9.9% and 23.8%, respectively. The present study reports a striking prevalence of brucellosis among patients including pregnant women at three hospitals of Abbottabad. These findings may foster strategies for controlling human brucellosis at household level, raising of awareness about brucellosis in hospital and family doctors, and finally in setting up an eradication program in the dairy industry.
Topics: Animals; Brucellosis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Pakistan; Pregnancy; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35174127
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.669278 -
BMC Microbiology Aug 2023Brucellosis is an economically devastating animal disease and has public health concern. Serological methods such as Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Complement Fixation...
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis is an economically devastating animal disease and has public health concern. Serological methods such as Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT), and Indirect-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) have been used to detect brucellosis. However, there is limited comparative evaluation studies and lack of molecular confirmation of the causative agents in the study areas. The study was aimed to compare RBPT, I-ELISA, CFT, and confirmation using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A total of 2317 sera samples were collected from brucellosis-affected areas of Ethiopia with no vaccination history. All sera were subjected to comparative serological assays. Post-cross tabulation, sensitivity, and specificity were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis software. PCR was performed on 54 seropositive samples using genus- and species-specific primers.
RESULTS
Among the 2317 sera tested for comparative serological assays, 189 (8.16%) were positive for RBPT, 191 (8.24%) for I-ELISA, and 48 (2.07%) for CFT. Sensitivity to RBPT was 100% (95%) in shoats and 74% (95%) in cattle. Specificity on RBPT was 98.69% (95%), 99.28% (95%), 100% (95%) in sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. CFT sensitivity was 4 (95%) in sheep, 9.65 (95%) goats, and 72 (95%) cattle. Specificity on CFT was 100% (95%) for sheep, goats, and cattle. A 223bp Brucella genus-specific and 156bp B. abortus species-specific detected. However, B. melitensis not detected.
CONCLUSION
In this study, I-ELISA was the most sensitive and specific test. RBPT detected all Brucellosis-infected sheep and goats; nevertheless, it showed false positive in sheep and goats and false negative in cattle. The presence of B. abortus in small and large ruminants was confirmed by PCR. This is the first report of B. abortus detection in small ruminant in Ethiopia. B.abortus detected in non-preferred hosts. The findings suggest further study on molecular epidemiology of Brucella species.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Sheep; Brucella; Complement Fixation Tests; Rose Bengal; Goats; Brucellosis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Antibodies, Bacterial
PubMed: 37563597
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02962-2 -
Archivio Italiano Di Urologia,... Dec 2023Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) is a rare complication of brucellosis. Despite the high incidence of brucellosis in developing countries, few case series on BEO are... (Review)
Review
Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) is a rare complication of brucellosis. Despite the high incidence of brucellosis in developing countries, few case series on BEO are available. This study focuses on the clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of BEO with a review of the literature. This study included consecutive BEO patients diagnosed and treated at Smart Health Tower between 2021 and 2023. The required data were retrospectively collected from patients' profiles. The BEO diagnosis was established through scrotal Doppler ultrasound in cases with a positive Rose Bengal test and positive IgG and IgM results for brucellosis, in addition to scrotal pain and swelling. This study included 11 cases whose ages ranged from 22 to 55 years. Most of the cases presented with testicular pain (72.7%), followed by fever (63.6%) and arthralgia (63.6%). The right side (54.5%) was slightly more affected than the left side (45.5%). The major abnormal laboratory finding was an elevated C-reactive protein (82%). The treatment was conservative, in which a combination of gentamicin, doxycycline, and rifampicin was administered to the patients for about 6-8 weeks. One case underwent an orchiectomy due to the abscess formation. All the patients responded well to the treatment, with no recurrence. In the Middle East, brucellosis remains a concerning infectious disease. Early diagnosis, aimed at preventing abscess formation and other complications, takes first priority to avoid invasive interventions.
Topics: Male; Humans; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Brucella; Orchitis; Abscess; Retrospective Studies; Brucellosis; Pain
PubMed: 38193225
DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2023.11978 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Sep 2008
Review
Topics: Animals; Bioterrorism; Brucella; Brucellosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Prognosis; Public Health; Treatment Outcome; United States; Zoonoses
PubMed: 18795849
DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.6.900 -
The Western Journal of Medicine Mar 1975
Topics: Aged; Ampicillin; Bone and Bones; Brucellosis; California; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Male; Occupational Diseases; Osteomyelitis
PubMed: 1146293
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Saudi Medicine 2023Brucellosis, a common zoonotic disease worldwide, can lead to serious complications in humans. In Oman, the disease occurs most often in the south, but is increasing in... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis, a common zoonotic disease worldwide, can lead to serious complications in humans. In Oman, the disease occurs most often in the south, but is increasing in the north.
OBJECTIVES
Describe brucellosis in children in the Northern Governorate in Oman.
DESIGN
Retrospective, observational.
SETTINGS
Hospitals in the Northern Governorate in Oman.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We collected data on the demographics, distribution, common clinical presentations, risk factors, laboratory findings, therapy, and complications of confirmed cases of brucellosis. We included all brucellosis cases up to the age of 13 years at the Child Health Department in Royal, Suhar, Al Rustaq and Nizwa Hospitals over a 15-year period.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Descriptive findings of brucellosis.
SAMPLE SIZE
57 confirmed cases.
RESULTS
The 57 confirmed cases of Brucella had a mean age of 6 years. Most of the cases were from Dhakhiliya 21 (36.8%) and Batinah 18 (31.6%). Consumption of raw milk was documented in 75% and 41% had animal contact. From 2010, there was a marked rise of the cases with a maximum rise was noticed in 2019 with a total of 10 cases. The main clinical manifestations were fever (92%, n=52), arthritis (44%, n=25), which involved mainly knees and hips. Forty-two had bacteremia, 41% anemia, 10% osteomyelitis/septic arthritis, one case with congenital brucellosis and one case neurobrucellosis (1.8%). Forty cases had positive serology results of which 19 had positive cultures. Most cases had received cotrimoxazole and rifampin as the primary treatment regimen 22 (40%). Four patients relapsed (7%) after treatment completion.
CONCLUSION
This study showed the distribution and clinical characteristics of brucellosis in different regions in the Northern Governorate in Oman. Although the numbers of cases remained low, the gradual increase is concerning for public health and preventive strategies. Further studies are needed to compare this data with the Southern region.
LIMITATION
Retrospective study with small sample size.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Child; Humans; Brucellosis; Fever; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 38071442
DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2023.380 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Sep 2022Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) is endemic in many countries around the world, therefore, identifying what is required to control and prevent the disease is essential....
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) is endemic in many countries around the world, therefore, identifying what is required to control and prevent the disease is essential. The health promotion concept and five areas of action, presented in the Ottawa Charter (1986) may help understand how to go forward in the prevention of the disease. Israel serves as a case study.
AIM
To identify barriers to the control and prevention of brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) in Israel by analyzing trends in incidence in conjunction with interventions implemented over the last seven decades, applying the health promotion areas of action.
METHODS
1. A document review approach was adopted to develop a list of interventions implemented in Israel to prevent and control brucellosis and identify barriers to implementation. These were analysed using the health promotion areas of action. 2. Data from the mandatory reporting of infectious diseases in Israel regarding brucellosis in humans between 1951 and 2021 are presented and analyzed in conjunction with the interventions implemented.
RESULTS
A large range of interventions were implemented following outbreaks of the disease. These interventions followed the health promotion areas of action, including mainly: policy, education and environment and brought about a decrease in the disease among both animals and humans. However, major interventions were discontinued after a few years. In addition, we identified some areas of action that could be much improved on. The interventions, in many cases were not simultaneously implemented or coordinated, decreasing the chances of them having the expected long term impact.
CONCLUSIONS
Control and prevention of the disease in Israel is partial. Areas of action that could be improved include enforcement of regulations, strengthening community action and improving personal skills. Simultaneous and continuous implementation of the interventions may achieve the goals of sustained prevention and control. There seems to be a lack of a long-term strategy and an integrated holistic intervention approach that may contribute to the control and prevention of the disease.
Topics: Animals; Brucella melitensis; Brucellosis; Disease Outbreaks; Health Promotion; Humans; Israel
PubMed: 36155492
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010816 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Apr 2023Brucellosis in livestock is a disease of paramount importance to animal and human health authorities due to its socio-economic and public health consequences. Benefit... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Brucellosis in livestock is a disease of paramount importance to animal and human health authorities due to its socio-economic and public health consequences. Benefit cost analyses can help policymakers decide whether allocation of resources is economically beneficial to cover the costs of brucellosis control interventions in populations. One broad question of interest is: what are the consequences of acting, or failing to act, on policy options of selected intervention scenarios (e.g., vaccination, test-and-slaughter, vaccination combined with test-and-slaughter, versus a status-quo scenario). The objective of the systematic review reported here was to conduct a critical appraisal of published research reports of economic assessments of brucellosis control interventions in livestock populations. The systematic review followed standard guidelines using a Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Context framework and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The review targeted research reports focused on brucellosis control interventions in livestock populations at the national or regional level. Economic outcomes of interest were benefit-cost ratio (BCR), net present value, internal rate of return, or payback period. Eleven studies conducted in Brazil, China, India, Iraq, Mexico, Mongolia, Spain, Turkey, or the USA met the inclusion criteria and were included. The baseline prevalence of brucellosis in selected study populations ranged from 1.4% in cattle in Turkey to 20% in goats in Mexico. In six studies, selected intervention scenarios of vaccination alone produced BCRs that ranged from 3.2 in yaks in China or in cattle, sheep and goats in Mongolia, to 21.3 in cattle and/or buffalo in India. In three studies, interventions of test-and-slaughter produced BCRs that ranged from - 1.2 in goats in Mexico to 0.6 in cattle in Spain. In four studies, vaccination in combination with test-and-slaughter produced BCRs that ranged from 0.2 in yaks in China to 3.7 in cattle and buffalo in India. In seven studies, using sensitivity analysis, different input parameters (prevalence of brucellosis, meat price, cashmere price, vaccination coverage, test-and-slaughter coverage, milk price, vaccination protection, abortion cost, abortion rate, or price of lamb) had an impact on economic outcomes. Vaccination alone was cost-effective, but test-and-slaughter was not, for brucellosis control in selected livestock populations in focus countries. Vaccination in combination with test-and-slaughter produced profitable or nonprofitable economic outcomes. While most studies reported the cost and benefits of implementing brucellosis control interventions, only one study explained socio-economic consequences of economic outcomes, when acting, or failing to act, on selected interventions in livestock populations.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Bison; Brucellosis; Buffaloes; Cattle Diseases; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Goat Diseases; Goats; Livestock; Sheep
PubMed: 36857972
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105878