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PloS One 2020Fifty four Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil samples collected from garlic and onion crops in eight different sites in Brazil and were identified using...
Fifty four Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil samples collected from garlic and onion crops in eight different sites in Brazil and were identified using phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS region, tef1-α, cal, act and rpb2 sequences. The genetic variability of the recovered Trichoderma species was analysed by AFLP and their phenotypic variability determined using MALDI-TOF. The strain clusters from both typing techniques coincided with the taxonomic determinations made from phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis showed the occurrence of Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma lentiforme, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma erinaceum, in the soil samples. We also identified and describe two new Trichoderma species, both in the harzianum clade of section Pachybasium, which we have named Trichoderma azevedoi sp. nov. and Trichoderma peberdyi sp. nov. The examined strains of both T. azevedoi (three strains) and T. peberdyi (12 strains) display significant genotypic and phenotypic variability, but form monophyletic clades with strong bootstrap and posterior probability support and are morphologically distinct from their respective most closely related species.
Topics: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; Biodiversity; Brazil; DNA, Fungal; Garlic; Mycological Typing Techniques; Onions; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology; Species Specificity; Trichoderma
PubMed: 32130211
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228485 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2022Rhizosphere filamentous fungi of the genus , a dominant component of various soil ecosystem mycobiomes, are characterized by the ability to colonize plant roots.... (Review)
Review
Rhizosphere filamentous fungi of the genus , a dominant component of various soil ecosystem mycobiomes, are characterized by the ability to colonize plant roots. Detailed knowledge of the properties of , including metabolic activity and the type of interaction with plants and other microorganisms, can ensure its effective use in agriculture. The growing interest in the application of results from their direct and indirect biocontrol potential against a wide range of soil phytopathogens. They act through various complex mechanisms, such as mycoparasitism, the degradation of pathogen cell walls, competition for nutrients and space, and induction of plant resistance. With the constant exposure of plants to a variety of pathogens, especially filamentous fungi, and the increased resistance of pathogens to chemical pesticides, the main challenge is to develop biological protection alternatives. Among non-pathogenic microorganisms, seems to be the best candidate for use in green technologies due to its wide biofertilization and biostimulatory potential. Most of the species from the genus belong to the plant growth-promoting fungi that produce phytohormones and the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase enzyme. In the present review, the current status of is gathered, which is especially relevant in plant growth stimulation and the biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens.
Topics: Agriculture; Ecosystem; Plant Development; Plant Diseases; Plants; Trichoderma
PubMed: 35216444
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042329 -
Journal of Zhejiang University.... Oct 2008Hypocrea/Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents... (Review)
Review
Hypocrea/Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, but also as opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised humans and animals, while others can cause damage to cultivated mushroom. With the recent advent of a reliable, BarCode-aided identification system for all known taxa of Trichoderma and Hypocrea, it became now possible to study some of the biological fundamentals of the diversity in this fungal genus in more detail. In this article, we will therefore review recent progress in (1) the understanding of the geographic distribution of individual taxa; (2) mechanisms of speciation leading to development of mushroom diseases and facultative human mycoses; and (3) the possible correlation of specific traits of secondary metabolism and molecular phylogeny.
Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Biodiversity; Ecosystem; Humans; Hypocrea; Mycoses; Phylogeny; Plants; Soil Microbiology; Species Specificity; Trichoderma; Virulence
PubMed: 18837102
DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B0860015 -
International Microbiology : the... Jun 2013Trichoderma is a fungal genus of cosmopolitan distribution and high biotechnological value, with several species currently used as biological control agents.... (Review)
Review
Trichoderma is a fungal genus of cosmopolitan distribution and high biotechnological value, with several species currently used as biological control agents. Additionally, the enzyme systems of the fungus are widely applied in industry. Species of Trichoderma protect plants against the attack of soil-borne plant pathogens by competing for nutrients and inhibiting or killing plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, through the production of antibiotics and/or hydrolytic enzymes. In addition to the role of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agents, they have other beneficial effects on plants, including the stimulation of plant defenses and the promotion of plant growth. In this review, we focus on the complex plant defense signaling network that allows the recognition of fungi as non-hostile microbes, including microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and secreted elicitors. We also examine how fungal interactions with plant receptors can activate induced resistance by priming and balancing plant defense and growth responses. Our observations are integrated into a model describing Trichoderma-plant hormone signaling network interactions.
Topics: Plant Development; Plant Diseases; Plant Proteins; Plants; Signal Transduction; Trichoderma
PubMed: 24400524
DOI: 10.2436/20.1501.01.181 -
Current Biology : CB May 2010
Review
Topics: Plant Diseases; Plant Roots; Plants; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma
PubMed: 20462476
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.042 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2012The hypersecreting mutant Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 (ATCC 56765) is one of the most widely used strains of filamentous fungi for the production of cellulolytic enzymes... (Review)
Review
The hypersecreting mutant Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 (ATCC 56765) is one of the most widely used strains of filamentous fungi for the production of cellulolytic enzymes and recombinant proteins, and for academic research. The strain was obtained after three rounds of random mutagenesis of the wild-type QM6a in a screening program focused on high cellulase production and catabolite derepression. Whereas RUT-C30 achieves outstanding levels of protein secretion and high cellulolytic activity in comparison to the wild-type QM6a, recombinant protein production has been less successful. Here, we bring together and discuss the results from biochemical-, microscopic-, genomic-, transcriptomic-, glycomic- and proteomic-based research on the RUT-C30 strain published over the last 30 years.
Topics: Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Genetic Engineering; Genomics; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Trichoderma
PubMed: 21998163
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.054031-0 -
Microbiological Research May 2020For the effective biocontrol of Syringa powdery mildew (Mircosphaera syringejaponicae) and to promote seedling growth, we identified 44 of the 181 Trichoderma isolates...
For the effective biocontrol of Syringa powdery mildew (Mircosphaera syringejaponicae) and to promote seedling growth, we identified 44 of the 181 Trichoderma isolates (T1-T181) isolated from the rhizosphere soil. Analysis identified 10 Trichoderma species, and T. pseudoharzianum T1 (TpseT1), T. afroharzianum T52 (TafrT52), and T. asperelloides T57 (TaspT57) were selected to make Trichoderma biofertilizer because of their fast growth and high spore production. Exposing Syringa oblata to Trichoderma biofertilizer showed that TafrT52 and TaspT57 could induce abscisic acid (ABA) production, and promote the shedding of diseased leaves and the generation of new leaves. Furthermore, TafrT52 increased the catalase (CAT) activity and reduced the HO content. And the disease incidence was reduced by 37.84 % by Tasp (highest) in 2017 year and by 13.84 % by TpseT1(lowest) in 2018 year. In addition, all Trichoderma strains we selected could promote the lateral root growth of S. oblata seedlings; however, because of the downregulated gene expression at the late stage of chlorophyll synthesis, the chlorophyll content decreased in the new leaves. Antagonism among different Trichoderma species led to low biocontrol and growth promotion effects, thus the Trichoderma mixture cannot be use as biofertilizer. TafrT52, with better biocontrol and growth promotion effects, could be used for biocontrol of M. syringejaponicae.
Topics: Antibiosis; Ascomycota; Plant Diseases; Plant Roots; Rhizosphere; Seedlings; Soil Microbiology; Syringa; Trichoderma
PubMed: 32113127
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126445 -
Marine Drugs Dec 2022Six new sesquiterpene aminoglycosides, trichaspside F () and cyclonerosides A-E (-), two new diterpene aminoglycosides, harzianosides A and B (), and three known...
Six new sesquiterpene aminoglycosides, trichaspside F () and cyclonerosides A-E (-), two new diterpene aminoglycosides, harzianosides A and B (), and three known sesquiterpenes, trichodermoside (), cycloneran-3,7,10,11-tetraol (), and cyclonerodiol (), have been isolated from the n-butanol extract of sp. SCSIOW21 (Hypocreaceae), a deep-sea-sediment-derived fungus. The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were determined using spectroscopic techniques and comparisons with those reported in the literature. The absolute configurations of the aglycone part of cyclonerosides A-E (-) were tentatively proposed based on optical rotation and biogenic considerations. Cyclonerosides A-E (-) represent the first glycosides of cyclonelane-type sesquiterpenes generated from . The NO-production-inhibitory activities were evaluated using macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Among the isolated compounds, trichaspside F () and cyclonerosides B-E (-) exhibited the strongest NO-production-inhibitory activities with IC values of 54.8, 50.7, 57.1, 42.0, and 48.0 µM, respectively, compared to the IC value of 30.8 µM for the positive control (quercetin). When tested for anti-fungal activities against several pathogenic fungi, none of the compounds exhibited significant activities at a concentration of 100 µM.
Topics: Aminoglycosides; Trichoderma; Sesquiterpenes; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diterpenes; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 36662180
DOI: 10.3390/md21010007 -
Microbial Cell Factories Nov 2022Trichoderma spp. are important agricultural biocontrol microorganisms that are often used as effective components of microbial fungicides and microbial biofertilizers....
BACKGROUND
Trichoderma spp. are important agricultural biocontrol microorganisms that are often used as effective components of microbial fungicides and microbial biofertilizers. However, most of these products are prepared by a single strain in monoculture, which significantly limits the biocontrol efficiency and stability of Trichoderma products. Therefore, the establishment of a design and screening approach for consortia with multi-Trichoderma strains for co-culture is of great importance to overcome the shortage of traditional Trichoderma biocontrol products.
RESULTS
First, 15 Trichoderma strains were screened in terms of mycelium growth rate, antagonistic activity to a variety of pathogens, stress tolerance to high temperature and salt stress, and cucumber seedling growth promotion level. Then, the combinations of Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 (CGMCC NO. 9512), Trichoderma asperelloides Z4-1 (CGMCC NO. 40245), Trichoderma harzianum 10569 (CGMCC NO. 40246), and T. asperellum 10264 (CGMCC NO. 22404) were finally screened as an optimal consortium for co-culture underlying the levels of plant growth-promoting and antagonistic activity to Fusarium oxysporum and seed germination promotion relative to the monoculture of a single strain. Consortia with multiple co-cultured strains were found to generate larger amounts of free amino acids than those from the monoculture of a single strain, and a pot assay also indicated that metabolites of co-cultures were able to promote cucumber seedling growth superior to that with monoculture of a single strain, even though the promotion was better than from simply mixed cultures from each of the four Trichoderma strains. Taken together, the co-culture consortia composed of the four compatible interactive Trichoderma strains was a potential novel multiple strain biocontrol agent based on the combination of synthetic consortia design and co-culture. In the field experiment, we found that the growth-promoting effect of the co-culture fermentation filtrate was better than that of the single culture fermentation filtrate. Compared with T-Z4-1, T-1009, T-10264 and T-10569, the plant height of cucumber was increased by 22.99%, 42.06%, 24.18% and 30.09%, respectively, and the stem diameter was increased by 16.59%, 18.83%, 13.65% and 14.70%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
An approach to designing and screening Trichoderma consortia for co-culture was established. The consortia co-culture presented a better performance in antagonistic activity and cucumber growth compared with a monoculture of a single strain. Thus, it is of great significance to lay the foundation for the creation of a novel Trichoderma biofungicide or biomanure to resist cucumber Fusarium wilt and promote cucumber growth.
Topics: Trichoderma; Cucumis sativus; Seedlings; Plants; Mycelium
PubMed: 36368978
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01959-2 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Jun 2021sp. is a mycoparasite of the plant pathogen . To further understand the mycoparasitism mechanism of sp., we assembled and analyzed its genome. The genome of sp.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
sp. is a mycoparasite of the plant pathogen . To further understand the mycoparasitism mechanism of sp., we assembled and analyzed its genome. The genome of sp. strain PG52 was assembled into 335 scaffolds and had a size of 58.01 Mb. A total of 20,023 predicted genes and proteins were annotated. This study compared PG52 with the mycoparasites , , and . This study reveals the entirely different mycoparasitism mechanism of compared to and reveals this mycoparasite's strong ability to produce secondary metabolites.
Topics: Genome, Fungal; Pestalotiopsis; Trichoderma
PubMed: 34349810
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-016