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Journal of Applied Microbiology Oct 2017The effects of l-amino acids on growth and biofilm formation in Azotobacter chroococcum (Az) and Trichoderma viride (Tv) as single (Az, Tv) and staggered inoculated...
AIM
The effects of l-amino acids on growth and biofilm formation in Azotobacter chroococcum (Az) and Trichoderma viride (Tv) as single (Az, Tv) and staggered inoculated cultures (Az-Tv, Tv-Az) were investigated.
METHODS AND RESULTS
A preliminary study using a set of 20 l-amino acids, identified 6 amino acids (l-Glu, l-Gln, l-His, l-Ser, l-Thr and l-Trp) which significantly enhanced growth and biofilm formation. Supplementation of these amino acids at different concentrations revealed that 40 mmol l was most effective. l-Glu and l-Gln favoured planktonic growth in both single and in staggered inoculated cultures, while l-Trp and l-Thr, enhanced aggregation and biofilm formation. Addition of l-Glu or l-Gln increased carbohydrate content and planktonic population. Principal component analysis revealed the significant role of proteins in growth and biofilm formation, particularly with supplementation of l-Trp, l-Thr and l-Ser. Azotobacter was found to function better as biofilm under staggered inoculated culture with Trichoderma.
CONCLUSIONS
The results illustrate that amino acids play crucial roles in microbial biofilm formation, by influencing growth, aggregation and carbohydrates synthesized.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The differential and specific roles of amino acids on biofilm formation are of significance for agriculturally important micro-organisms that grow as biofilms, colonize and benefit the plants more effectively.
Topics: Amino Acids; Azotobacter; Biofilms; Carbohydrates; Cellular Microenvironment; Microbial Interactions; Plankton; Principal Component Analysis; Trichoderma
PubMed: 28731279
DOI: 10.1111/jam.13534 -
Journal of Biotechnology Jan 2013Recent progress and improvement in "-omics" technologies has made it possible to study the physiology of organisms by integrated and genome-wide approaches. This bears... (Review)
Review
Recent progress and improvement in "-omics" technologies has made it possible to study the physiology of organisms by integrated and genome-wide approaches. This bears the advantage that the global response, rather than isolated pathways and circuits within an organism, can be investigated ("systems biology"). The sequencing of the genome of Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina), a fungus that serves as a major producer of biomass-degrading enzymes for the use of renewable lignocellulosic material towards production of biofuels and biorefineries, has offered the possibility to study this organism and its enzyme production on a genome wide scale. In this review, I will highlight the use of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics towards an improved and novel understanding of the biochemical processes that involve in the massive overproduction of secreted proteins.
Topics: Cellulase; DNA, Fungal; Genome, Fungal; Genomics; Systems Biology; Trichoderma
PubMed: 22750088
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.05.020 -
PloS One 2016To investigate the biodiversity of Trichoderma (Hypocreaceae) and their relation to sediment physical and chemical properties, we collected a total of 491 sediment...
To investigate the biodiversity of Trichoderma (Hypocreaceae) and their relation to sediment physical and chemical properties, we collected a total of 491 sediment samples from coastal wetlands (tidal flat and wetland) in Southeast China. Further, we applied two types of molecular approaches such as culture dependent and independent methods for identification of Trichoderma spp. A total of 254 isolates were obtained and identified to 13 species such as T. aureoviride, T. asperellum, T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. koningiopsis, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii. T. tawa, T. viridescens, T. virens, T. hamatum, T. viride, and T. velutinum by the culture-dependent (CD) method of these, T. tawa was newly described in China. Subsequently, the culture indepented method of 454 pyrosequencing analysis revealed a total of six species such as T. citrinoviride, T. virens, T. polysporum, T. harzianum/Hypocrea lixii and two unknown species. Notably, T. citrinoviride and T. polysporum were not found by the CD method. Therefore, this work revealed that the combination of these two methods could show the higher biodiversity of Trichoderma spp., than either of this method alone. Among the sampling sites, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, exhibited rich biodiversity and low in Fengxian. Correlation and Redundancy discriminant analysis (RDA) revealed that sediment properties of temperature, redox potential (Eh) and pH significantly influenced the biodiversity of Trichoderma spp.
Topics: Biodiversity; China; DNA, Fungal; Discriminant Analysis; Geologic Sediments; Phylogeny; Seasons; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma; Wetlands
PubMed: 28002436
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168020 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2020Nitroaromatic and nitroamine compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) are teratogenic, cytotoxic, and may cause cellular mutations in humans, animals, plants, and...
Nitroaromatic and nitroamine compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) are teratogenic, cytotoxic, and may cause cellular mutations in humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Microbial-based bioremediation technologies have been shown to offer several advantages against the cellular toxicity of nitro-organic compounds. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the ability of to degrade nitrogenous explosives, such as TNT, by microbiological assay and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In this study, fungus was shown to have the ability to decompose, and TNT explosives were used at doses of 50 and 100 ppm on the respective growth media as a nitrogenous source needed for normal growth. The GC/MS analysis confirmed the biodegradable efficiency of TNT, whereas the initial retention peak of the TNT compounds disappeared, and another two peaks appeared at the retention times of 9.31 and 13.14 min. Mass spectrum analysis identified 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde with the molecular formula CHO and a molecular weight of 126 g·mol as the major compound, and 4-propyl benzaldehyde with a formula of CHO and a molecular weight of 148 g mol as the minor compound, both resulting from the biodegradation of TNT by . In conclusion, could be used in microbial-based bioremediation technologies as a biological agent to eradicate the toxicity of the TNT explosive. In addition, future molecular-based studies should be conducted to clearly identify the enzymes and the corresponding genes that give the ability to degrade and remediate TNT explosives. This could help in the eradication of soils contaminated with explosives or other toxic biohazards.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Culture Media; Explosive Agents; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Nitrogen; Soil Pollutants; Trichoderma; Trinitrotoluene
PubMed: 32204366
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061393 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2012Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) is an efficient cell factory for protein production that is exploited by the enzyme industry. Yields of over 100 g secreted... (Review)
Review
Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) is an efficient cell factory for protein production that is exploited by the enzyme industry. Yields of over 100 g secreted protein l(-1) from industrial fermentations have been reported. In this review we discuss the spectrum of proteins secreted by T. reesei and the studies carried out on its protein secretion system. The major enzymes secreted by T. reesei under production conditions are those degrading plant polysaccharides, the most dominant ones being the major cellulases, as demonstrated by the 2D gel analysis of the secretome. According to genome analysis, T. reesei has fewer genes encoding enzymes involved in plant biomass degradation compared with other fungi with sequenced genomes. We also discuss other T. reesei secreted enzymes and proteins that have been studied, such as proteases, laccase, tyrosinase and hydrophobins. Investigation of the T. reesei secretion pathway has included molecular characterization of the pathway components functioning at different stages of the secretion process as well as analysis of the stress responses caused by impaired folding or trafficking in the pathway or by expression of heterologous proteins. Studies on the transcriptional regulation of the secretory pathway have revealed similarities, but also interesting differences, with other organisms, such as a different induction mechanism of the unfolded protein response and the repression of genes encoding secreted proteins under secretion stress conditions.
Topics: Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Protein Transport; Secretory Pathway; Trichoderma
PubMed: 22053009
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.053132-0 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Jun 2017The goal of this study was to identify and characterize selected isolates by metabolic profiling and enzyme assay for evaluation of their potential as biocontrol agents...
The goal of this study was to identify and characterize selected isolates by metabolic profiling and enzyme assay for evaluation of their potential as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. isolates were obtained from the Rural Development Administration Genebank Information Center (Wanju, Republic of Korea). Eleven isolates were re-identified using ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequence results showed new identification of isolates. In addition, metabolic profiling of the ethyl acetate extracts of the liquid cultures of five isolates that showed the best anti- activities was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolic profiling revealed that isolates shared common metabolites with well-known antifungal activities. Enzyme assays indicated strong cell walldegrading enzyme activities of isolates. Overall, our results indicated that the selected isolates have great potential for use as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens.
Topics: Antibiosis; Cell Wall; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Enzyme Assays; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Pest Control, Biological; Phytophthora; Plant Diseases; Trichoderma
PubMed: 28372034
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1702.02063 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Mar 2017The aim of the present study was to examine the abilities of twenty-four isolates belonging to ten different Trichoderma species (i.e., Trichoderma atroviride,...
The aim of the present study was to examine the abilities of twenty-four isolates belonging to ten different Trichoderma species (i.e., Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma citrinoviride, Trichoderma cremeum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma longipile, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma viridescens) to inhibit the mycelial growth and mycotoxin production by five Fusarium strains (i.e., Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium temperatum). Dual-culture bioassay on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium clearly documented that all of the Trichoderma strains used in the study were capable of influencing the mycelial growth of at least four of all five Fusarium species on the fourth day after co-inoculation, when there was the first apparent physical contact between antagonist and pathogen. The qualitative evaluation of the interaction between the colonies after 14 days of co-culturing on PDA medium showed that ten Trichoderma strains completely overgrew and sporulated on the colony at least one of the tested Fusarium species. Whereas, the microscopic assay provided evidence that only T. atroviride AN240 and T. viride AN255 formed dense coils around the hyphae of the pathogen from where penetration took place. Of all screened Trichoderma strains, T. atroviride AN240 was also found to be the most efficient (69-100% toxin reduction) suppressors of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, beauvericin, moniliformin) production by all five Fusarium species on solid substrates. This research suggests that T. atroviride AN240 can be a promising candidate for the biological control of toxigenic Fusarium species.
Topics: Antibiosis; Biological Control Agents; Coculture Techniques; Culture Media; Fusarium; Mycotoxins; Trichoderma
PubMed: 29359702
DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1234996 -
Microbiological Research Jan 2021To better apply the biocontrol agent Trichoderma spp. in Northeast China, collecting and screening more suitable native Trichoderma strains is necessary. In the present...
To better apply the biocontrol agent Trichoderma spp. in Northeast China, collecting and screening more suitable native Trichoderma strains is necessary. In the present study, 10 isolates were obtained from Juglans mandshurica rhizosphere soils in Heilongjiang Province, and were identified as T. asperellum (four isolates), T. harzianum (four), T. hamatum (one), T. atroviride (one). The fastest-growing isolate per species on potato dextrose agar medium were further evaluated in stress tolerance tests (salt, alkali, nutritional stress, and low temperature) and confrontation assays (eight pathogens), which showed that T. asperellum TaspHu1 possessed the best adaptation and biological control ability. Then, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) seeds were sown and treated with a series of concentrations of TaspHu1 spore suspension, as was unsown soil. Tomato seedlings treated by TaspHu1 had a significantly greater height, stem diameter, soluble protein content and soluble sugar content. Furthermore, their nitrate reductase activity and catalase activity were significantly increased, and these promoting effects depended on the concentration of the spore suspension. Meanwhile, a decrease in chlorophyll content was observed in the tomato seedlings treated with TaspHu1. In addition, strain TaspHu1 enhanced the tomato seedlings' absorption of available nitrogen, but did not influence the soil available nitrogen content. Furthermore, the resistance of tomato seedlings against Alternaria alternata was enhanced by TaspHu1 (smaller, fewer leaf spots), the seedlings' hormone signal transduction genes JAR1, MYC2, NPR1, PR1, and GH3.2 were highly expressed. Thus, TaspHu1 is a promising biocontrol candidate for use in agriculture and forestry.
Topics: Agriculture; Alternaria; China; Fungal Proteins; Genes, Fungal; Hypocreales; Juglans; Solanum lycopersicum; Nitrogen; Pest Control, Biological; Plant Development; Plant Diseases; Rhizosphere; Seedlings; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Transduction, Genetic; Trichoderma
PubMed: 33007636
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126596 -
The ISME Journal Jan 2022The capability to respond to wounding is a process shared by organisms of different kingdoms that can result in the regeneration of whole-body parts or lost structures...
The capability to respond to wounding is a process shared by organisms of different kingdoms that can result in the regeneration of whole-body parts or lost structures or organs. Filamentous fungi constitute a rich food source that ensures survival and reproduction of their predators and are therefore continuously exposed to mechanical damage. Nevertheless, our understanding of how fungi respond to wounding and predators is scarce. Fungi like plants and animals respond to injury recognizing Damage- and Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs/MAMPs) that activate Ca and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase dependent signaling for the activation of defense mechanisms. During herbivory, plants, in addition to activating pathways related to injury, activate specific responses to combat their predators. Using a transcriptional approach, we studied the capacity of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride to activate specific responses to injury and attack by different arthropods. Attack by Drosophila melanogaster inhibited the transcriptional activation of genes required for hyphal regeneration, and the fungal innate immune and chemical defense responses. We also provide mechanistic insight of this inhibition involving components of the D. melanogaster salivary glands that repress the expression of a set of genes and block hyphal regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Defense Mechanisms; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster; Hypocreales; Trichoderma
PubMed: 34282283
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01068-9 -
BioMed Research International 2013β-glucosidases catalyze the selective cleavage of glucosidic linkages and are an important class of enzymes having significant prospects in industrial biotechnology.... (Review)
Review
β-glucosidases catalyze the selective cleavage of glucosidic linkages and are an important class of enzymes having significant prospects in industrial biotechnology. These are classified in family 1 and family 3 of glycosyl hydrolase family. β-glucosidases, particularly from the fungus Trichoderma, are widely recognized and used for the saccharification of cellulosic biomass for biofuel production. With the rising trends in energy crisis and depletion of fossil fuels, alternative strategies for renewable energy sources need to be developed. However, the major limitation accounts for low production of β-glucosidases by the hyper secretory strains of Trichoderma. In accordance with the increasing significance of β-glucosidases in commercial applications, the present review provides a detailed insight of the enzyme family, their classification, structural parameters, properties, and studies at the genomics and proteomics levels. Furthermore, the paper discusses the enhancement strategies employed for their utilization in biofuel generation. Therefore, β-glucosidases are prospective toolbox in bioethanol production, and in the near future, it might be successful in meeting the requirements of alternative renewable sources of energy.
Topics: Biotechnology; Cellulases; Phylogeny; Trichoderma
PubMed: 23984325
DOI: 10.1155/2013/203735