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BMC Genetics Feb 2017Trichoderma spp. can establish beneficial interactions with plants by promoting plant growth and defense systems, as well as, antagonizing fungal phytopathogens in...
BACKGROUND
Trichoderma spp. can establish beneficial interactions with plants by promoting plant growth and defense systems, as well as, antagonizing fungal phytopathogens in mycoparasitic interactions. Such interactions depend on signal exchange between both participants and can be mediated by effector proteins that alter the host cell structure and function, allowing the establishment of the relationship. The main purpose of this work was to identify, using computational methods, candidates of effector proteins from T. virens, T. atroviride and T. reesei, validate the expression of some of the genes during a beneficial interaction and mycoparasitism and to define the biological function for one of them.
RESULTS
We defined a catalogue of putative effector proteins from T. virens, T. atroviride and T. reesei. We further validated the expression of 16 genes encoding putative effector proteins from T. virens and T. atroviride during the interaction with the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and with two anastomosis groups of the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. We found genes which transcript levels are modified in response to the presence of both plant fungi, as well as genes that respond only to either a plant or a fungal host. Further, we show that overexpression of the gene tvhydii1, a Class II hydrophobin family member, enhances the antagonistic activity of T. virens against R. solani AG2. Further, deletion of tvhydii1 results in reduced colonization of plant roots, while its overexpression increases it.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that Trichoderma is able to respond in different ways to the presence of a plant or a fungal host, and it can even distinguish between different strains of fungi of a given species. The putative effector proteins identified here may play roles in preventing perception of the fungus by its hosts, favoring host colonization or protecting it from the host's defense response. Finally, the novel effector protein TVHYDII1 plays a role in plant root colonization by T, virens, and participates in its antagonistic activity against R. solani.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Computational Biology; Disease Resistance; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Roots; Rhizoctonia; Trichoderma
PubMed: 28201981
DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0481-y -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Sep 2018Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial players in epigenetic regulation. They were initially discovered in human, yet they emerged as common factors involved in a... (Review)
Review
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial players in epigenetic regulation. They were initially discovered in human, yet they emerged as common factors involved in a number of central cellular processes in several eukaryotes. For example, in the past decade, research on lncRNAs in yeast has steadily increased. Several examples of lncRNAs were described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Also, screenings for lncRNAs in ascomycetes were performed and, just recently, the first full characterization of a lncRNA was performed in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. In this review, we provide a broad overview about currently known fugal lncRNAs. We make an attempt to categorize them according to their functional context, regulatory strategies or special properties. Moreover, the potential of lncRNAs as a biotechnological tool is discussed.
Topics: Epigenesis, Genetic; RNA, Long Noncoding; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Schizosaccharomyces; Trichoderma
PubMed: 29974182
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9187-y -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021The number of raspberry plants dying from a sudden outbreak of gray mold, verticillium wilt, anthracnosis, and phytophthora infection has increased in recent times,...
The number of raspberry plants dying from a sudden outbreak of gray mold, verticillium wilt, anthracnosis, and phytophthora infection has increased in recent times, leading to crop failure. The plants suffer tissue collapse and black roots, symptoms similar to a -- disease complex. A sizeable number of fungal isolates were acquired from the root and rhizosphere samples of wild raspberries from different locations. Subsequent in vitro tests revealed that a core consortium of 11 isolates of selected spp. was the most essential element for reducing in phytopathogen expansion. For this purpose, isolates were characterized by the efficiency of their antagonistic properties against , , and isolates and with hydrolytic properties accelerating the decomposition of organic matter in the soil and thus making nutrients available to plants. Prebiotic additive supplementation with a mixture of adonitol, arabitol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, and adenosine was proven in a laboratory experiment to be efficient in stimulating the growth of isolates. Through an in vivo pathosystem experiment, different raspberry naturalization-protection strategies (root inoculations and watering with native isolates, applied separately or simultaneously) were tested under controlled phytotron conditions. The experimental application of phytopathogens attenuated raspberry plant and soil properties, while consortium incorporation exhibited a certain trend of improving these features in terms of a short-term response, depending on the pathosystem and naturalization strategy. What is more, a laboratory-scale development of a biopreparation for the naturalization of the raspberry rhizosphere based on the consortium was proposed in the context of two application scenarios. The first was a ready-to-use formulation to be introduced while planting (pellets, gel). The second was a variant to be applied with naturalizing watering (soluble powder).
Topics: Biological Evolution; Prebiotics; Rhizosphere; Rubus; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma
PubMed: 34198606
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126356 -
Biological Research Sep 2019The leafcutter ant (Atta cephalotes) is associated with losses in the agricultural sector, due to its defoliating activity; for its control, biological, mechanical and...
BACKGROUND
The leafcutter ant (Atta cephalotes) is associated with losses in the agricultural sector, due to its defoliating activity; for its control, biological, mechanical and chemical methods have been developed, the latter associated with adverse effects on human and environmental health. This research validated in the field for the control of the leafcutter ant (A. cephalotes) using a mixture of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorum spores.
METHODS
The effectiveness from the combination of spores of B. bassiana and T. lignorum with an initial concentration of 2 × 10 spores/ml, in the following proportions of B. bassiana and T. lignorum, A (1:1), of each fungus. It was evaluated within the university campus, comparing it with two commercial formulations, Mycotrol (B. bassiana) and Mycobac (T. lignorum). Additionally, this formulation was evaluated in 49 nests distributed 16 in 14 locations in Colombia. The formulation application was carried out by direct application, using a pump at a speed of 10 ml/m. The effectiveness was estimated from the reduction of the flow of ants, evaluating the statistically significant differences using the ANOVA and Tukey-test.
RESULTS
Effective control of 90% of the nests was observed in the field phase in 60 days, except in nests with areas > 50 m that were located in regions with high rainfall (annual average precipitation above 7000 mm), such as Buenaventura.
CONCLUSIONS
In this work, it was demonstrated that the combination of B. bassiana and T. lignorum spores represent a viable alternative for the control of the leafcutter ant, in which the effectiveness is related to several factors, including the size of the nest and the rainfall in the area.
Topics: Animals; Ants; Beauveria; Biological Control Agents; Colombia; Pest Control, Biological; Spores, Fungal; Symbiosis; Trichoderma; Universities
PubMed: 31530279
DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0259-y -
Microbiological Research Sep 2018This study is the first time report of utilization of Trichoderma spp. isolated from different tree bark from Odisha state of India for rice crop health management and...
This study is the first time report of utilization of Trichoderma spp. isolated from different tree bark from Odisha state of India for rice crop health management and higher productivity. Six isolates of Trichoderma spp. were identified based on the morphological characteristics and species determination was performed by molecular assays. One of the isolated strains determined as Trichoderma erinaceum outperformed others. Trichoderma erinaceum controlled three soil borne plant pathogens i.e. Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotium oryzae effectively under controlled condition and R. solani and Helminthosporium oryzae under filed condition. Seed treatments with the formulated isolates improved the germination rate of rice and enhanced vigour. These parameters along with higher chlorophyll content could be related to higher yield observed in two rice varieties; Karuna and Sahabhagidhan. Among the six isolates tested, Trichoderma erinaceum treatment recorded highest yield. Significantly higher expression of some stress related enzymes was observed in Trichoderma treated plants which helped in better crop growth both under biotic and abiotic stresses. These isolates helped both the varieties to accumulate more nutrients. This study proves that Trichoderma erinaceum obtained from tree bark may be incorporated in integrated rice crop management both as biocontrol agent and biofertilizer.
Topics: Antibiosis; Basidiomycota; Helminthosporium; India; Oryza; Pest Control, Biological; Plant Bark; Plant Diseases; Trichoderma
PubMed: 30031485
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.05.015 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Koninginins X-Z (-), three novel polyketides, were isolated from the solid fermentation of the endophytic fungus SC-5. Their structures, including the absolute...
Koninginins X-Z (-), three novel polyketides, were isolated from the solid fermentation of the endophytic fungus SC-5. Their structures, including the absolute configurations, were comprehensively characterized by a combination of NMR spectroscopic methods, HRESIMS, C NMR, DFT GIAO C NMR, and electronic circular dichroism calculations as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition, all the compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity against .
Topics: Polyketides; Molecular Structure; Trichoderma; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 38067579
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237848 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023Four new sorbicillinoids, named trichodermolide E (), trichosorbicillin J (), bisorbicillinolide B (), and demethylsorbiquinol (), together with eight known compounds (,...
Four new sorbicillinoids, named trichodermolide E (), trichosorbicillin J (), bisorbicillinolide B (), and demethylsorbiquinol (), together with eight known compounds (, -), were isolated from the cultures of the mangrove-derived fungus BGRg-3. The structures of the new compounds were determined by analyzing their detailed spectroscopic data, while the absolute configurations were further determined through electronic circular dichroism calculations. Snatzke's method was additionally used to determine the absolute configurations of the diol moiety in . In a bioassay, compounds and performed greater inhibitory activities on interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β than the positive control (dexamethasone) at the concentration of 25 μM. Meanwhile, compounds and showed potent effects with stronger inhibition than dexamethasone on IL-1β at the same concentration.
Topics: Interleukin-6; Interleukin-1beta; Hypocreales; Trichoderma; Circular Dichroism; Dexamethasone; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 38003285
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216096 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2012Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a re-emerging wheat disease that causes extensive damage through direct losses in yield and quality due to the presence of damaged Fusarium...
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a re-emerging wheat disease that causes extensive damage through direct losses in yield and quality due to the presence of damaged Fusarium kernels and their associated mycotoxins such as the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON). Biological control, including the treatment of crop residues with antagonists, in order to reduce pathogen inoculum of FHB, holds considerable promise. Ten Trichoderma isolates, previously selected for their ability to grow in the presence of DON, were preliminarily investigated as potential antagonists against Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum mycotoxigenic strains in plate confrontation assays. The three Trichoderma isolates showing antibiosis and mycoparasitism were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit DON production by F. graminearum and F. culmorum on two natural substrates. The expression of some chitinase-encoding genes by the two best resulting Trichoderma strains, during interaction with F. culmorum and F. graminearum, was monitored. All investigated genes from chitinase subgroups A, B and the new subgroup C responded to mycoparasitic conditions and were upregulated before contact and/or when in contact with the host. T. gamsii 6085, the best antagonist, was finally used in a competition test against F. culmorum and F. graminearum on natural substrates, using a qPCR approach to evaluate its effect on the pathogen's growth and DON production in haulms and rice. This test confirmed the ability of T. gamsii 6085 to antagonize the pathogens on rice. On wheat haulms, an extreme oligotrophic environment, T. gamsii 6085 seemed to develop very poorly and the growth of both the pathogens was unaffected by the presence of the antagonist.
Topics: Antibiosis; Fusarium; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycotoxins; Oryza; Pest Control, Biological; Plant Diseases; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma; Triticum
PubMed: 21980117
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.052639-0 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Mar 2023In this study, the agricultural digestate from anaerobic biogas production mixed with food wastes was used as a substrate to grow RUT-C30 and Ta13 in solid-state...
In this study, the agricultural digestate from anaerobic biogas production mixed with food wastes was used as a substrate to grow RUT-C30 and Ta13 in solid-state fermentation (SSF) and produce high-value bioproducts, such as bioactive molecules to be used as ingredients for biostimulants. The spp. reached their maximum growth after 6 and 3 SSF days, respectively. Both species were able to produce cellulase, esterase, and citric and malic acids, while also produced gibberellins and oxylipins as shown by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) profiling. Experimental evaluation of germination parameters highlighted a significant promotion of tomato seed germination and root elongation induced by crude extracts from SSF. This study suggests an innovative sustainable use of the whole digestate mixed with agro-food waste as a valuable substrate in fungal biorefineries. Here, it has been applied to produce plant growth-promoting fungi and bioactive molecules for sustainable agriculture.
Topics: Fermentation; Trichoderma; Food; Refuse Disposal; Cellulase
PubMed: 36735958
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07388 -
Scientific Reports May 2021The present work is aimed to examine the genetic variability and the distribution pattern of beneficial Trichoderma spp. isolated from rhizosphere samples and their mode...
The present work is aimed to examine the genetic variability and the distribution pattern of beneficial Trichoderma spp. isolated from rhizosphere samples and their mode of action in improving the plant health. A total of 131 suspected fungi were isolated from the rhizospheric soil and 91 isolates were confirmed as Trichoderma spp. T. asperellum and T. harzianum were found high in the frequency of occurrence. Genetic diversity analysis using RAPD and ISSR revealed the diverse distribution pattern of Trichoderma spp. indicating their capability to adapt to broad agroclimatic conditions. Analysis of genetic diversity using molecular markers revealed intra-species diversity of isolated Trichoderma spp. The frequency of pearl millet (PM) root colonization by Trichoderma spp. was found to be 100%. However, they showed varied results for indole acetic acid, siderophore, phosphate solubilization, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, cellulase, lipase, and protease activity. Downy mildew disease protection studies revealed a strong involvement of Trichoderma spp. in direct suppression of the pathogen (mean 37.41) in the rhizosphere followed by inducing systemic resistance. Our findings highlights the probable distribution and diversity profile of Trichoderma spp. as well as narrate the possible utilization of Trichoderma spp. as microbial fungicides in PM cultivation across different agroclimatic zones of India.
Topics: Disease Resistance; Genetic Variation; Pennisetum; Plant Diseases; Plant Roots; Rhizosphere; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma
PubMed: 33947949
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89061-2